分类： gfthgyj

　　 At the beginning of the year, the glory version of BYD Qin PLUS and the glory version of destroyer 05 were sold from 79,800. At the same time, the price entered the era of "7", and it also had a higher configuration than the fuel vehicle of the same class, which truly achieved "both want and want". This is tantamount to dropping a bombshell on the automobile market in China, and it also shows that in 2024, BYD will no longer "show mercy" on fuel vehicles, and in order to speed up the conversion from oil to electricity, it will launch a "general attack" on joint-venture fuel vehicles at the beginning of the year.

　　Why BYD?

　　 In the impression of many people, new energy vehicles are more expensive than fuel vehicles of the same level, and at most they are oil level rights. But this time, BYD’s two glory models have achieved "electricity is lower than oil" and the price reduction is not reduced. Why can BYD do it?

　　 The first is the core cost advantage.

　　 In 2023, BYD sold a total of 3,024,400 vehicles, up 61.9% year-on-year, which is not only the annual sales champion of China automobile market, but also the global sales champion of new energy vehicles. The annual sales volume of more than 3 million not only set a record for China automobile, but also made BYD the first China automobile enterprise to enter the top ten in the world.

　　 Matching the sales growth, BYD’s huge R&D investment has exceeded 100 billion, with over 90,000 R&D engineers and 11 technical research institutes. At present, BYD has accumulated a huge and systematic "technical fish pond" and applied for over 6,700 patents in 2023 alone.

　　 On the surface, it is the price war of products, but in fact it is the system war of industries. The scale effect and the advantages of the whole industry chain give BYD the initiative in product pricing. Ultra-large-scale sales, combined with its own cost control ability and strong technical strength, make BYD have the ability and strength to show sincerity in the price of new cars, give more benefits to consumers, and let consumers really feel the dividend of BYD’s development.

　　Promote the popularization of new energy vehicles

　　 As a leader of new energy vehicles, BYD has been practicing its brand concept with practical actions.

　　 The launch of 79,800 glory models this time is a direct embodiment of this concept. As the first car company to achieve lower electricity than oil, plug-in hybrid is lower than the price of fuel vehicles. This has also become a watershed and milestone in the development of automobile categories, further improving the penetration rate of new energy vehicles and consolidating and strengthening the leading position of China brand in the A-class sedan market. The lower use cost, plus the exemption from licensing and reduction of purchase tax, makes fuel vehicles no longer have a price advantage in front of them. BYD’s intention is obvious, so that more and more consumers can afford new energy vehicles and are willing to buy new energy vehicles, thus promoting the popularization of new energy vehicles in the China automobile market.

　　 In the new energy vehicle market, BYD’s influence and appeal are beyond doubt. The launch of the Glory version of the vehicle further demonstrates its strong technical strength and cost control ability. In addition to allowing consumers to buy better new energy vehicles at more realistic prices, it will also promote the innovation and progress of new energy vehicle technology in China and promote the product upgrading of the whole industry.

On November 28th, 2017, Anting Shanghai International Automobile City, Automobile Innovation Port, Intelligent Networked Automobile Industry Technology Joint Innovation Center (UIC) and China Automobile Innovation Incubator Alliance (CMIA) jointly released the "Star Plan" to encourage innovation and entrepreneurship in the automobile field, aiming at supporting the demonstration and application of new technologies and models in the automobile field through the integration of resources such as policy subsidies, R&D space, test sites and commercial landing platforms. The conference was held in Shanghai Intelligent Networked Automobile Industry Demonstration Base-Automobile Innovation Port, and the first batch of candidate projects for the finalist plan were announced.

After more than ten years’ construction, Shanghai International Automobile City has built a whole automobile industry chain, including vehicle manufacturers, various parts manufacturers and scientific research forces represented by Tongji University. Under the general trend that the automobile industry is upgrading towards electrification, intelligence, internet and sharing, the development direction of the new stage of automobile city is transforming from traditional automobile research and development, manufacturing and trade to new energy and intelligent networked vehicles, and vigorously supporting the formation of innovative and entrepreneurial clusters;

In terms of new energy, since 2011, Shanghai International Automobile City has become an international demonstration city for electric vehicles. After six years of exploration, it has achieved commercial achievements such as product demonstration, data center and shared time-sharing lease of new energy vehicles.

In terms of intelligent network connection, since the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology awarded China the first pilot demonstration area of intelligent network connection vehicles in June 2015, Shanghai International Automobile City has built a closed test area, an automatic driving scene library and the first V2X test intelligent road, and established the executive body of the demonstration area-the intelligent network connection automobile industry technology joint innovation center.

In the next five years, Shanghai International Automobile City will start the fund to build the city and promote the city, integrate social capital, and invest 200 million yuan to set up special funds for the demonstration and application of new technologies and new models, and grant subsidies to 100 projects successfully selected for the "Star Plan". Projects with new technologies and new models that belong to the field of "new four modernizations" of automobiles and are in the demonstration application stage can be approved after declaration and examination, and can receive financial subsidies worth 30% of the total project investment.

In addition, the plan will also rely on the ecological environment of Shanghai International Automobile City’s global intelligent networked automobile industry highland, integrate superior resources such as office space, test sites, technical talents, and upstream and downstream cooperation platforms in the industrial chain, fully support these outstanding innovation forces and industries, and accelerate the whole process from joint research and development to commercial demonstration and promotion.

The first test of "Smart parking service" in China-it is very important to find the right scene for the commercialization of smart driving.

After the press conference, the first joint R&D achievement-China’s first "Smart parking service" project, which was jointly completed by several short-listed enterprises, was publicly displayed in Auto Innovation Port, and the on-site road test and detailed technical interpretation were carried out. The project was initiated by Auto Innovation Port and is responsible for overall coordination, bringing together leading domestic technical forces such as automobile manufacturers, technology startups and universities to complete it, which has attracted the expectation and attention of the whole industry.

"Smart parking service", simply put, is to press the parking instruction on the mobile App, and the vehicle can automatically enter the underground parking lot from the alighting area through the ground road, and find its own free parking space to park; When the owner needs to pick up the car, he will issue an instruction from the App again and pay the parking fee, and the vehicle will automatically return to the boarding area. There is no one involved in the whole process, which is a typical low-speed unmanned application scenario within a limited range. Since last year, Auto Innovation Port has been planning a one-click parking project, and has conducted joint research and development and demonstration operation of intelligent parking service with six teams from Chery New Energy, Horizon, Tongji University, Jilin University, Shanghai Yiqu and Yilian Technology, expecting to find the first commercial application scenario of intelligent driving. The first road test of the project on November 28th officially demonstrated the research and development achievements of the first phase of the Smart parking service project.

Dr. Jian Xu, Executive General Manager of Shanghai International Automobile City Development Co., Ltd. said that the Smart parking service Project has firmly grasped the pain points of users in the last mile of urban traffic, and it is a promising smart driving scene in the industry at present, because it not only solves the problem of parking difficulties for car users, saves them time, but also greatly improves the efficiency of parking lots and urban management and increases the utilization rate of parking spaces, which can be described as killing two birds with one stone. However, how to move from technology research and development to commercialization requires more participation. At present, Auto Innovation Port has been planning the second phase of the Smart parking service project. The first goal is to expand the number of participating models and vehicles by adding more cooperation with more OEMs, and propose a more general vehicle-end solution; The second is to add more field application scenarios, solidify the environmental transformation technology, and form a parking lot standard suitable for driverless parking; The third is to optimize vehicle scheduling control, improve operational efficiency through cloud platforms and big data decisions, help customers better solve parking pain points, and provide smart city solutions for cities and communities.

　　praise

　　● Fashionable appearance.

　　● The space is large enough and practical.

　　● The safety configuration is relatively neat.

　　● Excellent power control.

　　bullet

　　● The shift lever has no driving feeling.

　　● Power comes slightly slower when accelerating rapidly.

　　As a Mercedes-Benz medium and large RV, this E-Class, which was officially released in 1984, has always been the leader of new technologies in the industry. In fact, its E is the first letter of German Einspritzung (fuel injection technology), because it is the first production car adopting this technology. At the test drive site, the organizer showed us the historical stories of Mercedes-Benz E-Class passed down from generation to generation. Behind every classic gene inheritance are the painstaking efforts of the royal designers.

　　There are two outstanding features of the latest generation: one is the addition of an electronic warning system for driving fatigue, and the other is that the length of the car is 12mm longer than that of the previous generation and the wheelbase is 20mm longer. Of course, the brand-new configuration of the engine and the application of the 7-speed gearbox make this car not only a car for passengers, but also a car for drivers.

　　Appearance: fashion elements are embedded in the classic car body.

　　This model, which was first launched at the Shanghai Auto Show in China, was once rumored to have absorbed some design elements of other luxury cars, but when it was seen, these claims naturally fell apart. When the reporter asked Mr Haller, the designer of the car who ate at the same table, whether he would consider drawing lessons from other people’s excellent factors when designing the car, Mr Haller simply said "Never". He went on to explain that it has always been to lead rather than learn from others. Based on this, the new E-Class combines the classic elements of E-class, the characteristics of M.Benz’s new generation family and the outline of lines. At first glance, it is not only atmospheric, but also very sporty. From the four-eye diamond headlights, V-shaped headstock and deep high waistline transplanted from Fascination concept car to the arrangement of wedge-shaped body and horizontal taillights, it has fully demonstrated the streamlined and avant-garde high-performance style, so the drag coefficient is as low as 0.25 except for the lean figure with C-Class, and therefore this generation of cars has returned to the design of W124 with double doors, convertible and other derivative cars.

　　Interior: concise and practical

　　Compared with some fancy interiors, the interior design of the new E300 is simple and practical. Sitting in the car, you will find that the Command control key greatly simplifies the cumbersome design of the center console in the past. Smooth and sharp lines are everywhere, the sub-gray color scheme is harmonious and eye-catching, and the circular sports/comfort mode button on the armrest is very easy to use. In addition, all the cars currently on sale are equipped with navigation display screens at the top of the center console. Both the control keys and the image display are clear and logical, so although there are many buttons, they are not messy. Massage seats that can be heated or cooled are very comfortable, which is our favorite configuration when conducting long-distance tests. Of course, even ordinary cars are enough to ensure that you can travel comfortably.

　　Space: spacious and comfortable

　　In terms of internal space, the further increased body size provides a more comfortable driving environment for passengers, and with two-stage panoramic sunroof, the internal space is more spacious and bright. The newly equipped ambient lighting system has a five-level brightness level, which can not only provide lighting for the whole car, but also create a relaxed and quiet sense of luxury during travel. Elaborate interior colors and materials not only arouse the psychological resonance of drivers and passengers, but also have unparalleled practicability. In addition, the newly developed reversing video system and rear entertainment system (E300 fashionable standard equipment) not only enable drivers to park easily, but also enable rear passengers to enjoy a more pleasant ride experience during long-distance travel.

　　Power control: excellent work

　　The E300 is equipped with a 3.0-liter V6, the output power can reach 170 kW /230 HP, and the maximum torque is 300 Nm. With Mercedes-advanced 7G-TRONIC seven-speed automatic transmission, the whole shift process is smoother and there is no hysteresis, which makes the E300 have excellent handling performance.

　　During the test run, some young people always compare E300 with it intentionally or unintentionally after occasionally trying some sports cars with a capacity of more than 4.5L or coupes with larger displacement. The conclusion of the comparison must be that almost all cars on the market are under-powered. This is the result of inexperience and blind comparison, and of course, it is also in their conclusion. In fact, the E300 is equipped with a new customized displacement and output power after abandoning the previous generation of supercharge, so the power output is linear in stages, which is imperceptible without careful understanding. The result of the actual operation is that in the starting and accelerating stages, even if the tachometer pointer does not rise rapidly, the car has started easily and shot out immediately. After 2500 revolutions, the power of the car began to approach the peak slowly. At this time, the power is continuous. Whether it is accelerating overtaking or slowly fueling, the car is running in an orderly way. In addition, when driving at a constant speed, the noise of the car is very low, and the sound insulation effect is better than that of the previous generation. However, if the oil supply is too large, it will produce annoying and monotonous noise, and the tail throat sound is not very good. The response rate of both the automatic seven-gear gearbox and the shift paddle is ok, and the gear ratio design of the second and third gears is also very ideal. Because the body is heavy and the chassis is extremely solid, even if the speed is 160 kilometers, the car still runs steadily, and its control can be seen.

　　If we really want to find the shortage, it is that when the speed is 80-90 kilometers per hour, the power output is steady but not fast enough when accelerating rapidly, that is, the power comes slowly when accelerating rapidly.

　　Safety: active and passive care.

　　The whole car follows the car’s consistent safety standards and introduces the newly developed driver’s attention warning system, which monitors the driver’s attention level in real time through more than 70 parameters to remind sleepy drivers in time to avoid danger. In addition, the whole car also comes standard with the PRE-SAFE system, intelligent lighting system and 9 airbags (including the newly added driver’s knee airbag). All protection systems work in perfect coordination, which promotes vehicle safety to a new height.

　　More high-strength steel is used in the body structure of the new car, but the kerb quality has not been significantly increased, because the weight and structure have been optimized more scientifically. In addition, in order to ensure that the car has better pedestrian collision performance, its hood can bounce up after being hit hard, so as to better protect the head of the hit pedestrian.

　　New E300 technical parameters

　　Length/width/height (mm): 4872/1854/1454

　　: 3.0 liter V6

　　：7G-TRONIC

　　Maximum power: 170kW/6000rpm

　　Maximum torque: 300 N m/2500-5000 rpm.

　　Suspension: three-link suspension/multi-link independent suspension.

　　

　　The new subsidy policy for new energy vehicles has appropriately raised the threshold of technical indicators, focused on supporting high-quality products with excellent energy consumption and high technical level, and encouraged enterprises to pay attention to safety and consistency.

　　At the same time, the implementation of the New Deal has also accelerated the "reshuffle" of the industry. Low-end enterprises that rely on subsidies for survival are doomed to be eliminated. Only by accelerating innovation drive and improving product strength can new energy vehicle companies hedge the impact of subsidies.

　　The much-anticipated financial subsidy policy for new energy vehicles has finally been introduced. On the 26th, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Science and Technology and the Development and Reform Commission jointly issued the Notice on Further Improving the Financial Subsidy Policy for the Promotion and Application of New Energy Vehicles, which clarified the subsidy standards and liquidation methods for new energy vehicles in 2019. Compared with the previous subsidy policy, what specific changes will the New Deal have, what impact will it bring to the industry, and how should enterprises respond?

　　Pure electric vehicle compensation is reduced by nearly half

　　In 2019, the New Deal proposed that the driving range of pure electric passenger cars should not be less than 250 kilometers, that of plug-in hybrid passenger cars (including extended range) should not be less than 50 kilometers, and that the subsidized driving range should only be divided into "two grades" of 250 to 400 kilometers and more than 400 kilometers, with subsidy amounts of 18,000 yuan and 25,000 yuan respectively, and that of plug-in hybrid passenger cars (including extended range) should be 10,000 yuan.

　　Last year, except for vehicles below 150km, subsidies for pure electric vehicles were divided into "four gears" with cruising range of 150-200km, 200-250km, 250-300km and 300-400km and above, with subsidies of 15,000 yuan, 24,000 yuan, 34,000 yuan and 45,000 yuan respectively. Plug-in hybrid passenger cars (including increase)

　　"Compared with the previous year, the subsidy for pure electric passenger cars has been reduced by nearly half." Cui Dongshu, Secretary-General of the National Passenger Car Association, said that unlike previous years, when the energy density threshold of the power battery system of new energy vehicles was greatly raised, this policy appropriately raised the threshold of technical indicators according to the principles of advanced technology, reliable quality and guaranteed safety, and kept the upper limit of technical indicators basically unchanged, focusing on supporting high-quality products with excellent energy consumption and high technical level, while encouraging enterprises to pay attention to safety and consistency.

　　Pre-allocation of subsidy funds in time

　　In view of the problem of untimely payment of subsidy funds, the New Deal proposes to improve the liquidation system and improve the efficiency of funds. It is required that from 2019, some funds will be pre-allocated after the vehicles with operating mileage requirements are sold and licensed. After meeting the mileage requirements, they can apply for liquidation according to procedures. After the release of the policy, vehicles with operating mileage requirements will not be subsidized if they run less than 20,000 kilometers within 2 years from the date of registration, and the pre-allocated funds will be deducted at the time of liquidation.

　　It is understood that subsidies for new energy vehicles are divided into central financial subsidies and local financial subsidies. After enterprises submit application documents and materials, the central financial subsidies need to be approved and tested by the National Development and Reform Commission, the Finance Committee, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the Ministry of Finance; Local financial subsidies involve many cities, and the declaration process is also different. Some enterprises report that compared with central financial subsidies, local financial subsidies have many application links and long processes, and the progress of distribution is more difficult to determine.

　　"If there is no cash flow and financing is difficult, it will affect the bank’s guarantee and mortgage. The superposition of layers will increase the investment cost of car companies and bring some pressure to the operation of upstream batteries and other enterprises." Cui Dongshu said that new energy vehicle enterprises themselves need cash flow, and this subsidy policy clarifies the rules for timely payment of subsidy funds, so that enterprises can research and develop and promote the market with peace of mind, thus achieving sustainable development.

　　Local financial withdrawal subsidy

　　The new policy also clearly states that local governments should improve their policies. After the transition period, they will no longer give purchase subsidies to new energy vehicles (except new energy buses and fuel cell vehicles), and instead use them to support the "short board" construction of charging (hydrogenation) infrastructure and supporting operational services. If the local government continues to grant purchase subsidies, the central government will deduct the relevant financial subsidies accordingly.

　　"This means that local finance will withdraw its subsidies to vehicle manufacturers, and the policy based on financial subsidies will shift more to the non-financial system, focusing on optimizing the development environment of new energy vehicles, including road rights, charging facilities, power battery recycling, commercial insurance, used cars and so on. At the same time, it also helps to reduce local protectionism. " Cui Dongshu said that China’s policy of encouraging the development of new energy vehicles is a systematic policy, aiming at realizing the joint support system of national and local new energy vehicle policies, ensuring that after the subsidy is completely withdrawn in 2021, new energy vehicle products still have certain advantages over the policy environment of traditional fuel vehicles, and promoting the establishment of a market-oriented independent new energy vehicle selection system.

　　In addition, the transitional policy also allows car companies to have a reasonable layout and time period for calibrating new products.

　　The influence of the New Deal has different reactions.

　　"The intensity of this slope retreat is expected, and the impact on enterprises is not too great." Zhao Changjiang, general manager of BYD Auto Sales Co., Ltd. said that only by accelerating innovation drive and enhancing product strength can enterprises better hedge the impact of subsidy retreat.

　　However, many people in the industry said that with the increase of subsidies, many uncertainties have been added to the original high-speed development of new energy vehicles. Chen Hong, chairman of SAIC, bluntly said that without subsidies, China’s new energy vehicle market would decline significantly.

　　"After the subsidy for new energy vehicles has declined, car companies can ‘ Complement ’ 。” Jia Xinguang, executive director of china automobile dealers association, pointed out that the power battery occupies a very important position in the manufacturing cost of new energy vehicles. If the battery cost can be reduced through technological innovation, the impact of subsidy retreat on the market will be weakened.

　　"It is not necessarily a good thing for a powerful enterprise. Subsidies should be seen dialectically." Gu Huinan, general manager of GAC New Energy, told reporters that with the gradual withdrawal of financial subsidies, the reshuffle of new energy vehicles is coming, and those low-end enterprises that rely on subsidies for survival are doomed to be eliminated. What can stand out must be the outstanding enterprises that actively face the market and can provide products with market competitiveness.

Original DY MedSci Metz

Lead: spoiler of folic acid new consensus.

Medical news today

On September 5th, the conference of "Consensus of Multidisciplinary Experts on Reasonable Clinical Folic Acid Supplement in China" was successfully held in Beijing. After being checked by authoritative experts, the consensus gives personalized and detailed folic acid supplementation suggestions to the general population and the special population according to different physiological stages.

Folic acid is a water-soluble B vitamin, which naturally exists in some foods, can also be added to other foods, and can be used as a dietary supplement. "Folic acid" used to be called "folic acid protein", sometimes also called "vitamin B9", which is a general term for naturally occurring food folic acid and folic acid in dietary supplements and fortified foods. Food folic acid is in the form of tetrahydrofolic acid (THF), which usually has other glutamic acid residues, making it a polyglutamate. Some dietary supplements also contain 5-methyl -THF (also known as L-5-MTHF, 5-MTHF, L- methyl folic acid or methyl folic acid) in the form of monosodium glutamate.

Folate, wiki

Folic acid helps to form DNA and RNA, and participates in protein metabolism. It plays a key role in the decomposition of homocysteine, which is an amino acid. If the content is too high, it will have harmful effects on human body. Folic acid is also needed to produce healthy red blood cells. Folic acid is very important in the period of rapid human growth, such as pregnancy and fetal development. Therefore, folic acid deficiency is closely related to the occurrence and development of many diseases, such as neonatal neural tube defects (NTDs), various pregnancy damages (abortion, premature delivery, etc.), hypertension, stroke, abnormal mental behavior and other cognitive disorders.

Who is short of folic acid?

The following situations may increase people’s risk of folic acid deficiency:

1. drinking too much. Alcohol will interfere with the absorption of folic acid and accelerate the decomposition of folic acid. In addition, alcoholics tend to eat inferior diets with low folic acid content, which increases the risk of folic acid deficiency in this group of people.

2. Pregnancy. Because folic acid plays an important role in fetal cell development, the demand for folic acid will increase during pregnancy.

3. Intestinal surgery or digestive system diseases. Surgery involving digestive organs or lowering normal gastric acid levels may affect folic acid absorption. Celiac disease and inflammatory bowel disease can also reduce the absorption of folic acid. Studies show that about 20%-60% of patients with inflammatory bowel disease suffer from folic acid deficiency.

4. Genetic variation. People with MTHFR gene mutation can not convert folic acid into its active form, which accounts for about 29% of Hispanic population, 10% of Caucasians and Asians, and 1% of African-Americans.

Lack of folic acid may lead to anemia, weakness and fatigue; Irregular heartbeat; Shortness of breath; It is difficult to concentrate; Hair loss; Pale skin; Symptoms such as aphtha.

How do the general population supplement folic acid?

In fact, folic acid deficiency is rare, but some people may be in marginal folic acid state. Folic acid can’t be synthesized in the human body and can only be taken from food. For individuals with folic acid deficiency or deficiency, it is first recommended to supplement folic acid with "food therapy" by improving diet structure. The consensus points out that green leafy vegetables, bean products, animal livers, lean meat and egg yolks are good food sources of folic acid, and chicken livers (1172.2μgDFE/100g), amaranth (419.8μgDFE/100g), pig livers, sheep livers and soybeans are rich in folic acid. Foods with folic acid content ≥ 120 gdfe/100g (solid) or 60μgDFE/100g (liquid) are "high or rich in folic acid", and foods with folic acid content or folic acid source are half. However, if the absorption and utilization rate of natural food is low, the general population should also take measures such as folic acid supplement or fortified food, and the effective and safe dose is 0.4-1mg per day.

Photographing network

However, it should be noted that long-term large-dose (> 1 mg) folic acid supplementation may cause health risks. Studies have shown that taking more folic acid can mask vitamin B12 deficiency. This deficiency most often occurs in the elderly or people who eat vegetarian food, among which B12 deficiency is more common. Folic acid and B12 are both involved in the production of red blood cells, and the shortage of either will lead to anemia. People who take high-dose folic acid supplements may correct anemia and feel better, but B12 deficiency still exists. In this case, if high folic acid intake continues to "mask" the symptoms of B12 deficiency for a long time, it may cause slow but irreversible damage to the brain and nervous system. In addition, long-term folic acid overdose also has the effects of increasing cancer risk, aggravating neurodegenerative diseases, affecting zinc absorption and reducing immunity. Therefore, it is suggested that if natural folic acid is still available every day, folic acid supplements should not be used more than 400μg per day.

How do special people supplement folic acid?

Pregnant women (including pregnant women)

During pregnancy, folic acid demand will increase due to nucleic acid synthesis. Folic acid deficiency during perinatal period will increase the risk of NTDs, leading to birth defects of fetal spine (spina bifida) and brain (anencephaly). Fifty years ago, no one knew what caused these birth defects. Later, two large trials randomly assigned women to take folic acid or placebo, showing that too little folic acid would increase the birth probability of deformed babies, and getting enough folic acid could greatly reduce this incidence.

In addition, folic acid deficiency during pregnancy may also increase the risk of abortion, premature delivery, stillbirth, megaloblastic anemia, pregnancy-induced hypertension, autism spectrum disorder’s offspring and other diseases.

At present, folic acid supplementation for women of childbearing age is a basic policy in China. The incidence of NTDs in China decreased from 27.4/ 10,000 in 1987 to 1.5/ 10,000 in 2017, a decrease of 94.5%.

The blood folic acid level of rural women in northern China is low. The research results show that this group of people can reach the level of preventing NTDs by taking folic acid 0.4mg/d for at least three months. In addition, many studies suggest that increasing dietary folic acid intake can also reduce the risk of NTDs by about 30%-60%.

Therefore, it is suggested by consensus that women should try their best to take food supplements during pregnancy preparation and early pregnancy, and women in the middle and late pregnancy and lactation can take food supplements and folic acid supplements. It is suggested to supplement folic acid 0.4mg/d or 0.8mg/d from the possible pregnancy or at least 3 months before pregnancy until the third month of pregnancy. The intake of folic acid in the second and third trimester of pregnancy should reach 600 gdfe/d, and it is suggested to supplement folic acid with 400 gdfe/d in addition to food supplement. It is recommended to take 550 gdfe/d folic acid during lactation, and it is recommended to supplement 350 gdfe/d folic acid in addition to food supplement. Personalized supplements are needed for people who live in the north, eat less vegetables and fruits, and have low blood folic acid levels. For women with NTDs reproductive history, diseases such as diabetes, and TT genotype at MTHFR677 locus, the consensus also made tailor-made suggestions.

Cardiovascular disease

The increase of Hcy level caused by folic acid deficiency is considered as an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Folic acid deficiency Several large-scale randomized trials of B vitamin supplements to reduce homocysteine levels and prevent heart disease and stroke have not found the benefits of folic acid supplementation. These trials have a similar design: adults with a history of heart disease or stroke or at high risk of heart disease are given pills or placebos containing high doses of vitamins B6, B12 and folic acid. Studies have found that taking high doses of three B vitamins can reduce the level of homocysteine, but it does not lead to a decrease in coronary heart disease events.

However, looking at cardiovascular diseases as a whole may mask the potential benefits of at least one B vitamin, and it may be too late to study people with advanced vascular diseases. An analysis of several studies shows that folic acid supplements can reduce the risk of stroke in people who have not yet had a stroke, but they cannot reduce the risk of a second stroke in people who have already had a stroke.

Effect of folic acid supplementation on stroke risk in preset subgroups

Therefore, it is not recommended to use folic acid to prevent cardiovascular diseases, but folic acid supplementation is recommended for cardiovascular high-risk groups and hypertensive patients with HHcy to reduce Hcy levels. In order to reduce the risk of the first stroke, folic acid monotherapy or fixed compound preparation containing folic acid can be used for patients with HHcy with hypertension. Taking 0.8mg folic acid combined with vitamin B12 daily can achieve the best effect of reducing Hcy.

Neurobehavioral disorders

1. autism spectrum disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, which is characterized by difficulties in communication and interaction with others, limited interests and repetitive behaviors. More and more evidence shows that folic acid supplementation during pregnancy may reduce the risk of ASD or reduce the increase of ASD risk caused by prenatal exposure to certain drugs and toxic chemicals. The mechanism of these potential benefits is not clear, but it may be related to the role of folic acid in DNA methylation, which in turn will affect neural development.

Some (but not all) observational studies show that there is a correlation between the use of folic acid and/or multivitamin supplements by pregnant women before and/or during pregnancy and the lower risk of ASD in female offspring. A case-control cohort study of 45,300 Israeli children in 2018 showed that the risk of ASD in children was significantly reduced when mothers took folic acid and/or multivitamin supplements before and/or during pregnancy.

Up to now, the evidence shows that there may be a negative correlation between folic acid intake of mothers during pregnancy and the risk of ASD in their offspring, but there is no evidence to support it in large-scale clinical studies. In addition, some studies believe that children with ASD also have different degrees of abnormal folic acid metabolism due to bad eating behavior, so not exceeding folic acid in these children may be beneficial to the treatment of ASD, but there is still a lack of clinical evidence. Therefore, it is recommended that women of childbearing age should be supplemented with 0.8mg/d regularly to reduce the risk of ASD in their offspring.

2. Depression

Nowadays, depressive disorder has become the second disease in China, with a prevalence rate of 3.02%, ranking first in the total burden of various mental diseases. Some studies have shown that folic acid deficiency is related to depression and low response to antidepressants. The mechanism may be related to the involvement of folic acid in the synthesis of neurotransmitters in the brain. In addition, HHcy is related to depression, and folic acid can degrade Hcy.

In a racial diversity study of 2948 Americans aged 15-39, the concentration of folic acid in serum and red blood cells of patients with severe depression was significantly lower than that of patients who had never suffered from depression. Some clinical studies have shown positive results about whether folic acid supplementation may help depression when used with traditional antidepressants. In addition, the guidelines for the treatment of depression revised by the British Psychopharmacology Association in 2015 and the Canadian network for the treatment of depression and anxiety both recommended folic acid as a supplement to the treatment of serotonin reuptake inhibitors for depression. Therefore, the consensus is that folic acid deficiency is related to depression, and low folic acid level is related to low response of antidepressants. It is recommended that patients with depression should be supplemented with folic acid reasonably on the basis of antidepressants, especially serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and the recommended dose is 0.5-2.5 mg/d.

Cognitive dysfunction

Statistics show that there are 178 million elderly people over 60 years old in China, accounting for about 13% of the total population. There are about 50 million people with dementia and cognitive impairment, and the social burden is huge. Most observational studies conducted so far show that there is a positive correlation between HHcy and the incidence of dementia. Scientists hypothesize that the increase of homocysteine level may have negative effects on the brain through various mechanisms, including the death of neurons caused by cerebrovascular ischemia, abnormal deposition of tau kinase activation and inhibition of methylation reaction.

A Dutch study involving 818 subjects aged 50-70 years showed that folic acid supplementation could reduce Hcy concentration by 26%. Although the cognitive function of subjects declined with age, the folic acid group was superior to the placebo group in memory, information processing speed and sensory motor speed.

Although folic acid supplementation can effectively reduce the level of Hcy, and hypercholesterolemia is an independent risk factor for dementia, based on the current evidence-based medical evidence, it cannot be considered that folic acid supplementation can significantly improve cognitive function. Therefore, the consensus points out that people with cognitive impairment should not advocate long-term use of folic acid without evidence of folic acid deficiency. For those with folic acid deficiency, folic acid 0.8 mg/d can be supplemented (grade C evidence).

kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) can lead to Hcy excretion disorder, and dietary restriction in such patients can also increase the risk of folic acid deficiency. Can folic acid supplementation delay the progress of CKD? China’s CSPPT study pointed out that compared with simple antihypertensive therapy, folic acid supplementation of 0.8mg/d can reduce the progress of CKD. But foreign studies show negative results. It is speculated that the difference of research conclusions may be related to the different baseline folic acid levels, that is to say, fortified foods have not been used to supplement folic acid in China, so folic acid supplementation may be beneficial to delay the progression of nephropathy for people with low baseline folic acid levels.

The consensus suggests that folic acid should not be routinely used to delay the progress of CKD, but folic acid supplementation (0.8mg/d) should be considered for patients with folic acid deficiency.

In addition, in the field of cancer, some epidemiological studies show that folic acid intake (or status) is inversely related to colorectal cancer and lung cancer. The exact nature of folic acid on carcinogenesis has not been established, but scientists speculate that folic acid may affect cancer development through its role in carbon metabolism, DNA replication and cell division. Evidence also shows that folic acid may play a dual role in the occurrence and development of cancer. That is to say, folic acid may inhibit some types of cancer in the early stage of development, and taking large doses of folic acid after the establishment of precancerous lesions may promote the development and progress of cancer. We need more research to fully understand how folic acid in diet and folic acid supplementation affect cancer risk, and whether their effects vary with exposure time.

In a word, folic acid is firmly listed in the World Health Organization standard list of essential drugs, and it is one of the most effective and safe drugs needed in the basic public health system. The application of folic acid has achieved great success in improving neonatal malformation, and its application prospect in other fields and disciplines is also very promising. With the deepening of future research, scientists will also find and solve more problems and set more precise guidance for personalized folic acid use.

Note: The content of this article is only for promoting consensus and popular science, and it is not intended to provide personal medical advice.

references

1.Prevention of the First Occurrence of Neural-Tube Defects by Periconceptional Vitamin Supplementation.DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199212243272602.

2.Prevention of neural tube defects: Results of the Medical Research Council Vitamin Study.DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(91)90133-A.

3.Effects of Homocysteine-Lowering With Folic Acid Plus Vitamin B12 vs Placebo on Mortality and Major Morbidity in Myocardial Infarction Survivors.doi:10.1001/jama.2010.840.

4.B vitamins in patients with recent transient ischaemic attack or stroke in the VITAmins TO Prevent Stroke (VITATOPS) trial: a randomised, double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled trial.DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70187-3.

5.Efficacy of Homocysteine-Lowering Therapy With Folic Acid in Stroke Prevention.https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.573410.

6.Association of Maternal Use of Folic Acid and Multivitamin Supplements in the Periods Before and During Pregnancy With the Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Offspring.JAMA Psychiatry. 2018; 75(2):176-184. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.4050.

7.Effect of 3-year folic acid supplementation on cognitive function in older adults in the FACIT trial: a randomised, double blind, controlled trial.DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60109-3.

8. Information on the conference of China Multidisciplinary Expert Consensus on Reasonable Clinical Folic Acid Supplement.

Source: Metz Medical Comprehensive Report

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　　TOM Sports News On October 25th, 1998, Guangzhou Sun God drew Qingdao Manatees 1-1 in the provincial stadium-this is the last battle of the first team of Guangzhou football in the history of the top football league in China. At that time, some people in Guangzhou football lamented that it would take at least 10 years to get up after the demotion of Guangzhou football!

　　I cann’t believe it’s a prophecy. By the time the Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Team appears in the Super League next year, it will be exactly 10 years since Guangzhou Football left the top league.

　　If the success of Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Team is the reward of Guangzhou professional football for ten years, then behind it, it is the dream of the top league written by generations of football players in Guangzhou in the past 50 years!

　　From 1950s to 1970s.

　　Sanli stove has experienced hardships.

　　Modern football was introduced to Hong Kong in the late 19th century, then to Guangzhou and then to the mainland.

　　In June 1954, Guangzhou established the first professional football team (later named "Zhongnan White Team"), thus becoming the earliest city in China to establish a municipal professional football team. In April, 1955, the South China White Team participated in the first National Football League in the name of Guangzhou City Team, and finally ranked eighth, failing to enter the first batch of seven first-class teams.

　　In 1956, the Guangzhou team won the championship in the national second division with unbeaten record, but the China Football Association suddenly announced that the second division would not be promoted or demoted that year.

　　In 1958, the Guangzhou team won the second-class championship, which was the first time in history to hit the top league successfully. Unfortunately, in order to welcome the first National Games in 1959, Guangzhou team was taken over by Guangdong Provincial Sports Commission, and the team was dissolved for the first time.

　　In April 1961, the Guangzhou Football Team was reorganized. During this period, Guangdong football fell into a low tide, and the Guangzhou team was taken over by the Provincial Sports Commission in 1966 and dissolved for the second time.

　　It was not until October 26, 1977 that the Guangzhou team was restored and called "Guangzhou Youth Team". The following year, the Guangzhou Youth Team participated in the National Youth League and won the third place in the division. The Guangzhou team, which was rebuilt for the third time, continued to attack the top leagues.

　　From 1980s to 1992.

　　The third promotion is tortuous.

　　In 1980, Guangzhou Youth Team won the second place in the National Football Division Competition (League C) and was promoted to the second division. In May 1981, the Guangzhou Sports Work Brigade was established, and the Guangzhou Football Team won the first place in the second division of that year and successfully achieved the miracle of "triple jump" for two years. This miracle reappeared in the era of professional leagues after many years.

　　In 1982, for the first time in the history of Guangzhou football, Guangzhou officially participated in the top league with the promotion and demotion system. However, due to Mai Chao, Wu Qunli, Zhao Dayu and other outstanding players’ promotion of national teams at all levels, the Guangzhou team only reached 15th place in the first division and fell back to the second division again. The following year, although the Guangzhou team won the second place in the second division, the tragedy was repeated again, and the China Football Association once again decided that there would be no promotion or demotion in the second division.

　　In 1984, the Guangzhou team reached the eighth place in the first FA Cup and was promoted to the first class for the second time. At this time, in the early stage of China’s reform and opening-up, Guangzhou people who dared to be the pioneers began to try to get in touch with the market in the field of football. In October 1984, Guangzhou Baiyunshan Pharmaceutical Factory signed a contract with Guangzhou Sports Commission to jointly run the Guangzhou Football Team with an annual sponsorship of 200,000 yuan, setting a precedent for national enterprises to undertake excellent sports teams. Today, Guangzhou Baiyunshan Pharmaceutical Factory has become a member of Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Group. It can be said that Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Group took over the Guangzhou team to complete the "Chongchao Dream". In fact, the seeds were sown 22 years ago. In 1986, Guangzhou Baiyun Team pioneered the introduction of coaches in China and hired Qi Wusheng to coach.

　　In 1989, Guangzhou Baiyun Team expanded into a football club. However, in the A-level competition in which the second national team participated that year, Baiyun Team only won the last place and was relegated again.

　　In 1990, under the leadership of Chen Yiming, Baiyun team was promoted to A as the second place in A B and the top league for the third time. In 1992, "Young Shuai" zhou suian took the lead. With the efforts of a group of veterans such as Mai Chao, Wu Qunli and Li Yong, and young players represented by Peng Weiguo, the team finally got the runner-up, which is also the highest honor that Guangzhou Football won in the "professional era" of China football.

　　1993 ~ 1996

　　Rising sun Dongsheng sun god

　　After "Xu Jiajun" failed to attack the Barcelona Olympic Games in 1992, China football began to brew system reform. In June, China Football Association held the "Hongshankou Conference", which established the development direction of professionalization. In October, 1993, China Football Association held a working meeting in Bangchui Island, Dalian, and decided to take the 1994 League A as a pilot reform.

　　Guangzhou people, who are good at drinking soup, are ahead again. On January 8, 1993, Guangzhou Sun God Group signed a contract with Guangzhou Sports Commission to establish the first joint-stock professional football club in China.

　　At the beginning of 1994, the "zhou suian Incident" broke out in Guangzhou Sun God Club, which for the first time highlighted the contradiction and conflict between employment and concept and professionalism in the era of professional system. As a result, zhou suian managed to hold the handsome whip smoothly, but due to the infighting and physical examination, the performance of the Sun God team in the first stage was not ideal. After the World Cup in the United States, Guangzhou Sun God team began to exert its strength and won six consecutive victories, including the classic battle of beating Shanghai Shenhua team 6-1 away. In the end, the Sun God team unexpectedly won the runner-up in the first top league after professionalization, and Peng Weiguo and Hu Zhijun became popular stars.

　　In 1995, the Sun God team experienced negative news such as coaching change and "JASON ZHANG contradiction (Zhang Jingtian, Yang Feisun)", and this favorite team won only the fifth place in the end. One of the most sensational events of the Helios team this year was to knock the "Ten Champions" Liaoning team to the ground. At first, the Helios team beat their opponents 6-0 at home, and then in the penultimate round, the head coach Zhang Jingtian replaced Peng Weiguo and Hu Zhijun early, but Feng Feng and Lv Jianjun, who came off the bench, magically scored two goals and sent the Liaoning team to A B.

　　By 1996, there were three A teams in one city of Guangzhou, which reached the brilliant peak since professionalization. However, Guangdong football, which was too pragmatic, was collectively "a beat behind" at this time. The Sun God team did not take any further measures in introducing domestic and foreign aid. In the end, the coach Xian Dixiong could only take the team to the seventh place in A.

　　Liu Wei, who has worked in the Sun God Club for seven years, now recalls those days and thinks that the first few years of professionalism were undoubtedly a "passionate year" for Guangzhou football. At that time, China’s football was still very simple, and the characteristics of Guangzhou people who dared to open up the atmosphere at that time showed their advantages. However, with the increasing investment in professional football and the deterioration of the league environment, some advantages of Guangzhou football gradually disappear or even become disadvantages. The glory created by the Sun God team has since bid farewell to the historical stage.

　　1997 ~ 2000

　　The setting sun gradually sighs helplessness.

　　After the end of A-A in 1996, 13 main players of Helios team applied for transfer successively. Although most of them stayed in the end, the signs of "the sun went down" appeared irresistibly. Chen Yiming, the new coach, tried out the "New Guangzhou Style" and got into trouble. Mai Chao took over from Chen Yiming, and the Sun God team finally managed to avoid relegation. In the last battle of that year, the Sun God team drew the Sichuan Quanxing team away from home, and it became a classic scene for all the fans to sing "Too Soft Heart".

　　In 1998, with the departure of Peng Weiguo and Hu Zhijun, and the after-effects of selling the second team to Songri enterprises in 1995 broke out in an all-round way, the Sun God team appeared a serious lack of success. In the big environment, because some monopoly state-owned enterprises began to intervene in football, the competition of the Sun God Club with insufficient economic strength on and off the court was at a disadvantage, and the Sun God team was finally relegated. At this time, the five-year contract between Helios Group and Guangzhou Sports Commission expired, and Guangzhou professional football came to the brink of death.

　　Sun Shen Group finally renewed its five-year contract with Guangzhou Sports Commission and made a pioneering move to auction the right to operate the home court. However, after the auction, the living environment of Guangzhou team became worse. In 1999, the Helios team could only reach the 8 th place in A B.

　　In 2000, the annual investment of Helios Club exceeded 20 million yuan for the first time. A Brazilian coach Rodriguez, known as "Teacher tavares", appeared in the team’s handsome position, but this old Brazilian led the team to get one draw and four losses in the first five rounds, which was the worst start in the team’s history. Zhou suian took over the Guangzhou team for the second time. It was not until the final battle of relegation with Beijing Kuanli team in the provincial stadium that the winning goal scored by Wuhan domestic aid Zeng Qinggao helped the Sun God team avoid relegation successfully. In this battle, thousands of fans poured into the stadium, and the club staff and players burst into tears after the game. The scene was very touching.

　　From 1997 to 2000, professional football in China entered a "golden development period". But unfortunately, Guangzhou football did not taste the sweetness, but swallowed the bitter fruit and created the darkest memory.

　　2001 ~ 2005

　　Chengtou Bianbian Dawang Banner

　　At the beginning of 2001, the Sun God Club officially announced its withdrawal from the professional football circle, and Guangzhou football fell into an unprecedented survival crisis. Under various opportunities, Geely Automobile Group from Zhejiang took over the Guangzhou team, which is the first time in the history of Guangzhou football that an enterprise from outside the province took over. On March 16th of that year, Geely Group bought 90% of the shares of Guangzhou Football Association for 14 million yuan. Under the name of "Guangzhou Geely Team", the team, led by Liu Kang, opened a journey to hit the top leagues in the new century.

　　In the first half of the year, Guangzhou Geely team won the "Half Runner-up". But at this time, the environment of football in China was quite bad. After Yan Shiduo became the head of the China Football Association in 2000, the professional football in China suffered a "great retrogression"-in order to gamble on the 2002 World Cup, Yan Shiduo decided to cancel the relegation of League A in 2001. As a result, A and B with only two promotion places have become a cruel "shopping" place, and all kinds of "fake black" phenomena have reached an unprecedented situation. After the start of the second half of 2001, Geely team fell behind from the first group with 2 draws and 3 losses. Zhou suian became the coach of Guangzhou team for the third time, and led the team to win five consecutive victories. However, in the final stage of the league, the "Five Rats Incident" broke out, and after Geely was "blacked out" in Shanghai COSCO, it was completely out of the question of "rushing to A". After the end of the season, Geely Club and Greentown Club jointly launched an "anti-black storm", but the failure of Guangzhou Football "Chong A" was irreversible, and Geely Group announced its withdrawal after taking over the team for 9 months.

　　After Geely withdrew, the Guangzhou team was entrusted by the Municipal Football Association, and Guangzhou professional football came to a crossroads again. In the end, Guangzhou Xiangxue Pharmaceutical Company lent a helping hand and invested 16 million yuan to acquire a 30% stake in Guangzhou Football Club, and was named Guangzhou Team for two consecutive years.

　　Since 2002, professional leagues in China have entered a period of great retrogression. In that year, there was no promotion or demotion in A B, and the Guangzhou Xiangxue team, led by zhou suian and Wu Qunli successively, only finished 11th in A B.. Although Guangzhou Football Club made a rare profit by selling players at the beginning of the year, the worst performance in the history of professional leagues still made the football community in Guangzhou very confused.

　　At the beginning of 2003, Mai Chao, who had just retired from the National Youth Team, held the coach of Guangzhou Xiangxue Team, and Xiangxue Team reached the third place in A B. In 2004, A B changed its name to A, and the China Football Association stipulated that teams participating in A League must implement the shareholding system reform, and local football associations can no longer hold shares. Therefore, Guangzhou Football Association, which originally held 70% shares of Guangzhou Football Club, invited investment from outside in November 2003, hoping to transfer all its shares.

　　After two months’ embarrassing situation, at the beginning of 2004, Dongguan Rizhiquan Group entered Guangzhou Football Club with "zero transfer", and Guangzhou team went to the first League A under the name of "Guangzhou Rizhiquan Team". In the following two years, Guangzhou Rizhiquan Club had many conflicts with the relevant authorities because of the investment problem. In fact, since 2004, professional football in China has entered a game pattern of capital and power, and the "Sun Fountain Model" itself is beyond reproach. However, under the background of Guangzhou’s successful bid for Asia and the municipal government’s writing the development of football brands into the "Eleventh Five-Year Development Plan", Guangzhou professional football will inevitably be pushed forward.

　　On February 25, 2006, Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Group took over, Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Football Club was formally established, and Guangzhou professional football opened a new chapter. That year, Qi Wusheng’s leadership fell short, but GPHL’s ambition of "overtaking" remained unchanged. This year, GPHL continued to increase investment, hired Shen Xiangfu as the coach, and introduced a number of domestic and foreign aid. After 23 rounds of hard work by all the soldiers of Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Team, the long-cherished wish of returning to the top league was finally completed after 9 years.

Editor: Zack Zhang

　　Still photos of Love, Death and Robots.

　　Netflix’s new animated series "Love, Death and Robots" (hereinafter referred to as "Love Crashes") contains sci-fi, fantasy, horror and comedy, which combines the animation forms of 2D and CG short films. The story is short but often unexpected, and the whole series is full of cult temperament, which has quickly gained a large number of adult animation fans. The production team of "Love Crash" has film and television producers and teams from Hollywood, and there are many independent producers. The whimsy of different styles collide with novel sparks in the same drama, which is hard to imagine in mainstream film and television dominated by big studios. Naifei, the publisher of this drama, is an internet media company that has developed rapidly in recent years, and it is reconstructing the future digital entertainment map in its own way.

　　Netflix, once a film and television rental company, has made great strides in the field of film and television production and distribution in recent years, and produced and distributed a series of influential works exclusively, including masterpieces such as House of Cards and Oscar-winning film Rome, which greatly challenged and even shook the foundation of the mainstream film and television industry. Behind this expansion momentum, the first is Netflix’s high investment. The company’s latest financial report shows that in 2018, the content expenditure exceeded the $10 billion mark for the first time, reaching an astonishing $12 billion. Netflix not only dares to buy drama series, but also provides advance payment for upstream film and television producers, covering all the film and television projects. Nowadays, Internet film and television is a competitive market, and a new Internet film and television giant like Amazon threatens Netflix at any time. Therefore, it has become Netflix’s strategy to acquire film and television resources and market share on a large scale through high investment.

　　Still photos of Love, Death and Robots.

　　Secondly, compared with traditional studios, Netflix respects professionalism and encourages creative freedom, and does not directly interfere with content production, thus giving filmmakers and partner companies more free expression space. Netflix has increasingly become a platform-based company that directly connects film producers and audiences, so much so that kevinspacey fowler, who starred in House of Cards, once lamented that Netflix wanted to "go directly from script to DVD". Netflix also tends to cooperate with independent filmmakers, fully explore Hollywood resources, and make high-quality products with more easily available resources. The most unique feature of Netflix lies in its big data operation mode, which analyzes big data through the user data of the streaming media platform, such as what content is the most popular, and then takes it as the decision-making basis for production and accurate sales. The result of this content production method is that the user’s taste determines the final product. There is every reason to believe that Netflix will test the audience popularity of various artistic expressions in Love Crash, or that the setting of 15 minutes per episode is also the best result obtained by Netflix through big data? If you ask who will know the audience’s taste best in the future, it may be a digital distribution platform like Netflix, which can master the detailed portraits of the audience. It is these characteristics of Netflix that make the content style diverse, and the novel "Love Crash" is possible.

　　Still photos of Love, Death and Robots.

　　From the content to the form, we can see that "Love Crashes" tries to show the face of a new digital entertainment industry, and it is Netflix’s ambition to build the industrial chain of this new entertainment industry. In terms of content, the title of the whole work "Love, Death and Robots" has already told us about the most fundamental problems of human beings and Cyberpunk. The core of most dramas is inseparable from sexual pornography, death violence and subversion of robots. This way of catching fans’ eyes is in the same strain as the entertainment industry in the past, and its style inspiration comes directly from the magazine Heavy Metal and its adaptation of the same name, which is also a collection of animated films full of sex and violence. Similar to "Heavy Metal", the drama presents the classic fantasy novel text and different visual forms to the audience, so that the audience will not get bored in the pleasure of watching movies. Some critics say that the core of the play is covered up by sensory stimulation, especially in the current situation that the American literary and art circle is left-sided, the materialized content of women in the play will inevitably lead to controversy. However, the producer’s cleverness lies in that it accurately grasps the audience’s entertainment "highlights", at the same time, it compresses the huge original text information into a short space adapted to the Internet era, presents the essence of the classic text, and allows the audience to enjoy the fun of self-exploration of the text content.

　　Formally, we can see that what Netflix is trying to create is a new film and television experience that allows the audience to participate.

　　Symbols of the title of Love, Death and Robots.

　　The logo of "Love, Death and Robot" is made into a visual symbol logo similar to a gambling machine, which has a high degree of symbol recognition. If you look closely at the title of each episode, you can see that the symbol of the title of "Love, Death and Robots" will also change with the content of each episode. For example, the first episode is the heart and fork representing "love and death" plus a snake totem representing the protagonist’s team. In the second episode, it becomes two robots plus a hamburger representing robot cognition. In the third episode, the symbol is a snake biting its tail, a prostitute’s head wearing a gel coat and an eye implying a witness. These symbols not only echo the plot, but also give the audience the illusion of free and random choice. In theory, the audience can really enter the world of Love Crash from any episode.

　　Netflix obviously thinks that the viewing order will also affect the audience’s experience, so he provides four different playing orders for the audience, saying that it is only for A/B detection, and does not involve user big data and machine learning prediction. Lucas Thomes, the founder of Out in Tech, an LGBT organization, is worried that this kind of broadcast form will play stories involving homosexual content first for the same-sex audience and heterosexual content first for the opposite-sex audience, in order to obtain higher user satisfaction and subscriptions. Once this form is combined with technical means such as machine learning, it is conceivable that the identity of the audience will solidify its viewing experience, and the so-called free experience will exist in name only.

　　Still photos of Love, Death and Robots.

　　In another drama series "Black Mirror: Pandasnaki" produced by Netflix, the audience can choose the protagonist in the film, thus affecting the development of the plot and even interacting with the characters in the play. Just like the random freedom of Love Crash, the audience can enter from any plot, and different choices will bring different endings. However, all the plots can happen cyclically, so that the audience can experience their own personalized world in their own choices. Coincidentally, an entertainment giant like Sony also launched a interactive movie game like Detroit: Transformers, where players can explore the plot by choosing characters on their own console platform. If interactive movie is essentially an upgraded version of interactive games in the past, what Netflix should do is to be an interactive game platform provider in the Internet era, and bring interactive entertainment into the digital era with the help of its movie copyright and big data technology. Maybe in the near future, we will see a sequel to Love Crash that can choose the plot.

　　With the development of digital Internet, it is expected that the movie and television entertainment industry will further develop rapidly in terms of big data customization in content and free choice in watching movies, which will also lead to profound changes and reconstruction in the entire entertainment industry. Love Crash represents such a trend, that is, the arrival of the era of entertainment customization. With the increasingly accurate operation of big data, the audience will be directly connected with the mainstream film and television industry, and everyone can get a customized version of film and television entertainment. At the same time, the digital platform will also gather freelancers to make the collective creation of film and television works more efficient and convenient. More importantly, the improvement of the audience’s choice in the works also liberates the expressive ability of film and television works. Different interpretations brought by different plots will make the works more open and generate more audience feedback, so as to further improve the works.

　　Still photos of Love, Death and Robots.

　　There are also some worrying social problems in this emerging entertainment mode. In addition to the privacy and even identity discrimination that big data operation may bring, more importantly, it is likely to aggravate the tribalization tendency of today’s society. Social media such as Facebook has brought about the "tribalization" of users’ personal socialization, which has led many users to only see the opinions of people in their own groups, thus strengthening the division of American society. Customized entertainment products and big data marketing will naturally aggravate this situation in the cultural industry, and the audience’s own sense of identity and belonging will continue to be strengthened and even completely solidified, making the threat of cultural war go deep into the literary and art circles. These problems need to be corrected and avoided by the entertainment industry, but examples like Facebook tell us that it is often just wishful thinking to expect Internet giants to come from me.

　　□ Our reporter Han Dandong

　　□ Intern Guan Chuyu of this newspaper

　　"Just playing a game, why do you want me to open so many permissions? ！” Mr. Li from Quanzhou, Fujian recently played a small game called ×× Bottle, and found that this game actually requires the player to authorize the phone address book, location, access to photo albums, text messages and storage to play. "This is simply more detailed than checking the account."

　　Mr. Li is not the only one who over-requests permission for online games. A number of gamers recently said in an interview with the reporter of the Rule of Law Daily that many online games, especially small games, have the problem of asking for excessive permissions. For example, if you play a small game, you have to authorize your camera, microphone, positioning and address book. If you don’t agree, you can’t play the game.

　　"Playing a game, privacy is stripped away." A player said.

　　Why do players have to open so many permissions to play a game? What impact may excessive permission have on players? Why has this chaos been repeatedly banned? With these questions, the reporter launched an investigation.

　　Online games ask for permission excessively.

　　Illegal collection of personal information

　　"Some large online games don’t need to open so many permissions. Instead, some casual games require opening various permissions. Moreover, once the storage permission is obtained, various advertisements will pop up soon, and some will be automatically downloaded to ‘ My file management ’ . The game didn’t have fun, and the garbage had to be cleaned up. " Mr. Li complained rather helplessly.

　　The reporter’s investigation found that some games will clearly explain the role of opening various permissions when applying for access rights. For example, in the privacy permission setting of the next popular hero competitive mobile game, there are explanatory information on the right side of each permission: you can experience game functions such as voice, voice to text, etc. by opening the microphone permission; Open the location permission to experience the game functions such as glory war zone and nearby people.

　　However, some installation-free applet games have a large number of requests for content rights unrelated to the game, and there is no relevant explanation. In the "Play Small Games in XX seconds" App, there are many small games that can be played without installation and opening. The reporter tried to play more than a dozen of them. Almost all of these games require a number of permissions from the player’s mobile phone, and they cannot enter the game without consent.

　　The privacy policy of a small program game named "XX Model" reads: "When you use this software network service, this software automatically receives and records the information on your mobile phone, including but not limited to your health data, voice used, date and time of visit, software and hardware feature information and the webpage you need."

　　It is understood that this is a cosmetic game. The privacy policy of this game does not indicate what the purpose of obtaining these rights information is, and "health data" has nothing to do with the game experience itself. There are many similar Applet games in the above-mentioned app, and there is this one in the privacy policy.

　　The reporter noticed that there are some boutique games in the App that are free of installation, but if you want to play these games, you must allow the App to access the applications on the player’s device, including photos, audio and video, and files, otherwise you will not be able to enter the game.

　　In fact, it is very common for online games to ask for permission excessively. In the list of apps that infringe on users’ rights and interests notified by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology in recent years, game software has been listed many times, and the problems involved in the software can hardly be avoided in two categories: "App is forced, frequent and excessively asks for permission" and "illegally collects personal information".

　　On March 21 this year, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology reported the latest batch of 55 apps that infringe on users’ rights and interests, including 7 game products. The main problems are excessive permission and illegal information collection.

　　In January this year, the Hainan Provincial Network Information Office conducted technical tests on various applications with a large number of users and closely related to people’s lives, in view of the illegal acquisition, out-of-range collection and over-requesting permission of apps strongly reflected by the masses. The results showed that all 17 online game apps of stick figure with a Line Drawing had behaviors such as forcing users’ permission, not specifying the purpose of requesting permission and over-collecting personal privacy information to varying degrees.

　　On March 27th, Chongqing Communications Administration and Sichuan Communications Administration notified the list of Apps infringing on users’ rights and interests in Sichuan and Chongqing in the third phase of 2023. A game App "illegally collects personal information, illegally uses personal information, is forced by the App, frequently and excessively asks for permission, and the app frequently starts itself and is associated with it", which became one of the typical cases that were notified.

　　The principle of minimization should be followed.

　　Obtain the necessary permissions to run.

　　How to measure whether a game excessively asks for permission?

　　Xie Lianjie, a lawyer of Beijing Yingke (Shanghai) Law Firm, believes that it can be considered from four aspects: the type, scope, quantity and purpose of authority. For example, if the game software reads contacts and short messages in the address book, the permissions are beyond the scope of its functional requirements, or reads permissions unrelated to the game, or the number of requested permissions is too large, and the requested permissions are inconsistent with the purpose of using its functions, etc., which are all excessive requests for permissions.

　　"To measure whether the game software excessively requests permission, we need to comprehensively consider various factors, but there is a principle that must be followed, that is, the principle of minimizing permission. The game software should only request necessary permission and cannot abuse it." Xie Lianjie said.

　　Xie Lianjie said that excessive access may have a series of adverse effects on users. For example, game software requires users to authorize information such as address book and location. Once users are authorized, personal privacy may be leaked; Excessive request for permission may also lead to system security risks, and malicious software can use the obtained permission to attack and tamper, bringing security risks to users; There are also some applications that must be recharged to use certain functions, and careless authorization by users may lead to unnecessary expenses.

　　What legal provisions are suspected of violating the game’s excessive request for permission?

　　Yao Jinju, a professor at Beijing Foreign Studies University, said that over-requesting permission is not necessary for providing services or unreasonable application scenarios, especially when it is silent or running in the background, and it is suspected of violating the relevant provisions of the Personal Information Protection Law, the Network Security Law and the Data Security Law. At the same time, if this behavior causes the personal dignity of natural persons to be violated or the personal and property safety to be endangered, it will violate the provisions of the Civil Code on personal rights and property rights.

　　"By asking for permission, the game software may directly obtain the identified or identifiable personal information, and collect, store, use, process, transmit, disclose and delete it. The Personal Information Protection Law stipulates that the processing of personal information should have a clear and reasonable purpose, and should be directly related to the purpose of processing, and adopt a method that has the least impact on personal rights and interests. " Yao Jinju said that the collection of personal information should be limited to the minimum range of processing purposes and should not be over-collected. Therefore, game software should obtain the necessary permissions to maintain the normal operation of the game strictly and limited based on clear and reasonable purposes.

　　Establish and improve the supervision system

　　Special rectification and strengthening punishment

　　The regulatory authorities have repeatedly stressed that it is forbidden to ask for excessive rights and constantly expose illegal game software. Why is this problem still banned?

　　In the view of Zhu Jie, a lawyer of Taihetai (Chongqing) Law Firm, there are three main reasons for repeated violations:

　　Rich profits bring great temptation. The acquisition of user rights is essentially to obtain user’s personal information. These personal information, whether processed by game operators themselves or provided directly to others, can be transformed into huge benefits.

　　The punishment for violations is not strong and the deterrence is insufficient. For such violations, the punishment measures of the regulatory authorities mainly include rectification within a time limit, removal from the shelves, administrative punishment, etc. These measures are not enough to offset the profits brought by violations.

　　Regular rectification of regulatory measures, the coverage is not large enough and the duration is not long enough, which makes some illegal manufacturers feel lucky or take temporary rectification to cope with supervision.

　　"The reason why game operators ask for permission excessively is to collect a large amount of personal information and dig deep into users’ consumption habits in order to seek more benefits. For game software and its operators who repeatedly violate regulations or cause serious consequences and adverse effects due to excessive permission, they should be directly punished. " Zhu Jie said that only by bringing the long-term mechanism into the supervision system and strengthening the punishment measures can the illegal manufacturers be banned.

　　"The problem now is not that the punishment prescribed by law is not enough, but that the corresponding law enforcement punishment has not been fully kept up." Xie Lianjie suggested that the special rectification of personal information protection in the game industry should be launched.

　　Some players suggested that the punishment for game operators who ask for too much authority should be strengthened, not only the illegal game software should be rectified and removed from the shelves, but also the game operators should be punished accordingly, and those who refuse to change their education should be restricted from putting their products on the shelves in the future; To further compact the platform’s responsibility, the platform should focus on the supervision of illegal game software, and smooth the reporting channels to respond to the demands of the masses.

　　Si Binbin, a lawyer of Beijing Tao ‘an Law Firm, also proposed to further implement the responsibility of the platform or application store. Game software on the shelves of regular application stores generally needs to access its SDK (Software Development Toolkit), which can be set to a strict form by default by the platform, and it is not allowed to be modified at will. If it is really necessary to ask for more user rights for the game software to run, it needs to be verified and confirmed by the game developer and the platform. "If there is a problem, the regulatory authorities can consider double penalties for game operators and platforms to promote the dual implementation of responsibilities."

　　Many experts suggested that users should also enhance their awareness of security, protect their personal information, choose a regular platform to download game software, try not to download from browsers or game stores with unknown sources, read the Privacy Agreement and User Agreement in detail, and do not authorize it easily; Find the problem of asking for permission excessively, actively report it and jointly safeguard the online game environment.　

　　The slow startup speed of computer is a common problem now, so what is the reason for the slow startup of computer? Today, this article will introduce five ways to deal with the slow start-up of computers, mainly from five aspects: optimizing the system, killing viruses, correctly selecting the operating system, upgrading hardware, and troubleshooting software and hardware. Through these five methods, you can definitely speed up the computer boot speed, and friends who need it can refer to it.

　　Tools/raw materials: optimization software, antivirus software.

　　According to the actual situation, prepare the hardware (SSD solid state drive, CPU, memory) needed for upgrading.

　　First, optimize the system

　　1. Reduce unnecessary startup items and reduce the burden on the computer. Many softwares "like" to start with the system startup. Disabling startup items is one of the most effective and inexpensive ways to improve the startup speed.

　　Windows 8 can be operated directly in Task Manager, and other versions of Windows operating system can start item management in msconfig. If you don’t understand it, it is recommended to use third-party optimization software for optimization.

　　2, disable unnecessary services, some services we may never use, disabling some services will also reduce the burden on the computer.

　　Right-click the computer → Management → Services, set the unnecessary services as disabled. If you don’t understand them, it is recommended to use third-party optimization software for optimization.

　　3. Clean up the junk files reasonably.

　　Some optimization software frequently prompts how many junk files there are. In fact, frequent garbage cleaning may make the computer start up more slowly, because some files are not junk files, files read by the computer in advance, and these files will speed up the computer start-up to a certain extent.

　　Some residual registers have a great influence on the boot speed, and some computer management software is difficult to remove. Need to manually clear, press winkey+r, and enter regedit enter in the run window. Open the registry, and search and delete through the keywords of the software name. It should be noted that deleting the registry has certain risks, and the principle of not deleting it is uncertain.

　　Second, killing viruses

　　1. If there is a malicious program in the computer, whether it is turned on or running normally, the computer will become extremely slow. So the poisoned computer will have a qualitative improvement after killing the virus.

　　There are generally three kinds of antivirus methods: ① routine antivirus, ② safe mode antivirus, and ③PE system antivirus.

　　2. For the virus that can’t be killed, reinstall the system.

　　Third, the correct choice of operating system

　　1. For computers with low configuration and old hardware, XP system is recommended.

　　2. If the configuration meets the requirements, it is recommended to use Windows 8.1. Microsoft has made special optimization for the boot speed of Windows 8. With UEFI, even the mechanical hard disk can control the boot speed within 15 seconds.

　　3. Set the motherboard to UEFI boot (the system needs to be reinstalled). UEFI avoids complicated startup such as traditional BIOS self-check and greatly improves the boot speed.

If the memory is larger than 4G, it is recommended to choose a 64-bit operating system from the perspective of making full use of resources.

Fourth, upgrade the hardware

　　1. Replace the SSD and install the system in the SSD. Because the reading and writing speed of solid-state hard disk is several times that of mechanical hard disk, after replacing solid-state hard disk, the computer boot speed will have a qualitative leap. Windows 8 UEFI uses a solid state drive, which usually takes 3-5 seconds to complete.

　　2. Replace a more advanced CPU. CPU is the core of the computer, replacing CPU can improve the computing power of the computer, and upgrading CPU can shorten the boot time of the computer to a certain extent.

　　3. Add memory chips. Memory is the high-speed cache of the computer. If the memory is tight, adding memory bars will help to shorten the boot time.

　　Five, hardware and software troubleshooting

　　1, computer software or hardware failure, it may seriously affect the performance of the computer boot. Troubleshooting computer faults is generally a method of first soft and then hard.

　　To completely eliminate the software reasons, you can choose to reinstall the system. The main reasons for slow startup due to software are:

　　① Files in the system or other application software are damaged due to abnormal shutdown. Generally, relevant information can be found from the system log. When you start running, you can enter the event viewer by typing eventvwr.msc.

　　② There are bugs or incompatible systems in the driver or other software. Generally, relevant information can be found from the system log.

　　③ Disk error scanning or system update, please wait until it is finished, and it won’t appear again next time.

　　2. The problem of slow boot after using the original reinstall the system still exists, which is probably caused by hardware failure. Hardware failures that will lead to slow boot mainly include:

　　① Hard disk failure, such as bad track. The specific performance is slow self-checking (BISO self-checks the hardware operation status after displaying the motherboard brand information), unable to identify or the hard disk light is always on without flashing. The computer starts very slowly or cannot start. High failure probability.

　　② Failure of input and output devices, such as keyboard and mouse. Mainly manifested as slow self-inspection, slow start-up, input and output equipment failure. High failure probability.

　　③ The network card, network cable and network are abnormal or damaged. The main performance is that unplugging the network cable is normal, and plugging in the network cable is very slow. High failure probability.

　　④ Other hardware failures, such as memory, graphics card, CPU and motherboard. Low failure probability.

　　The above is a tutorial on the reasons for the slow startup of the computer. Some operations are risky. Please pay attention to the backup information or consult relevant information. The above is the introduction of five ways to deal with the slow start of the computer, hoping to help everyone!