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Cell Stem Cell： dopaminergic progenitor cells derived from human embryonic stem cells in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease

Original biological world

Written by Cong Wang

Edit Wang Duoyu

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Cell therapy is considered to be very suitable for treating Parkinson’s disease (PD) because its pathogenesis is relatively simple and characterized by localized degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra compacta of the midbrain. In animal experiments and human experiments, transplanting human fetal ventral midbrain tissue or cells has been proved to help restore motor function.

However, these results are often inconsistent, which highlights the need for improved cell therapy programs to ensure that a sufficient number of well-defined midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons are produced and standardized cell preparation and transplantation procedures are adopted.

Recent technological progress has enabled human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC), such as embryonic stem cells (ESC) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), to efficiently generate mDA neurons, paving the way for establishing transplantation therapy for Parkinson’s disease based on hPSC. Many studies have shown that when transplanted into animal models of Parkinson’s disease, mDA progenitor cells derived from hPSC are well integrated into the host brain and mature into functional mDA neurons, which significantly improves motor function.

Recently, researchers from Yonsei University School of Medicine published a research paper entitled: preclinical and dose-ranging assessment of HESC-derived dopaminergic prognosticators for a clinical trial on Parkinson’s disease [1].

In this study, high-purity midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) progenitor cells were produced on a large scale from clinical human embryonic stem cells (hESC), and the safety and effectiveness of mDA progenitor cells were verified in vitro and in vivo. MDA progenitor cells improved the disease-related behavior of Parkinson’s disease rat model in a dose-dependent manner. Based on these preclinical research results, the research team obtained the approval of the Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety for the phase 1/2a clinical trial of cell therapy for Parkinson’s disease, and started the treatment of 12 patients with Parkinson’s disease.

In May, 2020, researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital reported a groundbreaking study in the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) [2]. A Parkinson’s patient who received autologous transplantation of mDA progenitor cells from hiPSC showed stable or improved clinical symptoms 24 months after implantation. Now, this method has been further developed, and the mDA progenitor cells derived from hiPSC and hESC began to enter the early clinical trial stage.

The first step in the clinical application of cell transplantation for Parkinson’s disease is to define the characteristics of cell products comprehensively. It is very important to determine whether cells are produced with clinical grade materials under GMP conditions and whether they meet the expected clinical use standards. Subsequently, preclinical research should produce convincing evidence of curative effect through large-scale animal experiments, and systematically examine long-term safety-related issues, such as toxicity, biological distribution and tumorigenicity. In addition, preclinical research needs to determine the optimal cell dose range for transplantation as a reference for human trials. Most importantly, the whole research design must be meticulous and the results must be evaluated in a fair way. This usually requires cooperation with CRO and extensive discussions with regulators.

This paper describes the process and results of a preclinical study aimed at using midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESC) in human clinical trials to treat Parkinson’s disease.

The cell differentiation method used in this study has been optimized for clinical application to ensure that it meets GMP standards. This optimization method can produce mDA progenitor cells with high purity and low temperature preservation on a large scale, while maintaining strict quality control. A year-long large-scale transplantation study by an independent CRO company using immunocompromised rats showed that the transplanted mDA neurons did not cause tumorigenicity, significant toxicity or ectopic integration outside the injection site. In addition, clinical mDA precursor cells showed therapeutic potential and dosage range, and produced therapeutic effects in toxin-induced semi-Parkinson’s rats. These findings provide the necessary information about the appropriate cell dose for human trials.

Specifically, this paper introduces the method of large-scale extraction of high-purity mDA progenitor cells from clinical grade hESC under strict GMP conditions, and also evaluates the toxicity, biological distribution and tumorigenicity of these cells in immunocompromised rats in facilities conforming to good laboratory practices (GLP). Different doses of mDA progenitor cells were transplanted into the semi-Parkinson’s rat model, and it was observed that there was a significant dose-dependent behavior improvement when the minimum effective dose ranged from 5000 to 10000 mDA progenitor cells. These results provide insights for determining the low cell dose (3.15 million cells) in human clinical trials.

Based on these experimental results, the research team obtained the phase 1/2a clinical trial of cell therapy for Parkinson’s disease approved by the Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, and started the clinical trial of treating patients with Parkinson’s disease.

Paper link:

1. https://www.cell.com/cell-stem-cell/fulltext/S1934-5909(23)00401-0

2. https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1915872

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Don’t push the flu. Don’t delay these symptoms!

Influenza is called "influenza" in Chinese. Because of the word "cold" in it, many people think that it is a CommonCold, and they take it lightly, but in fact, getting the flu may cause serious consequences and even be life-threatening.

According to WHO estimates, influenza can cause 3 million to 5 million severe cases and 290,000 to 650,000 respiratory disease-related deaths worldwide every year. A global research data estimated the mortality of 33 countries from 1999 to 2015, and estimated the average annual influenza-related mortality as follows:

pneumonia

The most common complication of influenza

Clinically, people younger than 5 years old, older than or equal to 65 years old (there are also guidelines to limit them to more than 50 years old), pregnant women, people with chronic basic diseases within 2 weeks after delivery are listed as high-risk groups for complications. The risk of influenza complications in healthy young people is low, but the risk cannot be ignored.

Pneumonia is the most common complication of influenza, and its typical manifestations are cough with dyspnea, rapid breathing (> 24 beats/min), hypoxia and fever (> 3 days). Types of pneumonia include:

Primary influenza virus pneumonia: high fever persists 3 ~ 5 days after the onset of influenza, and there are the above pneumonia manifestations. It is usually very serious, and the progress may be rapid. Without active intervention, it will be life-threatening, especially for people with lung or cardiovascular diseases.

Secondary bacterial pneumonia: After the flu symptoms have improved (including fever), fever and expectoration occur again. It usually occurs a few days after the flu (7 ~ 14 days), and it is the most common, accounting for about 1/3 of severe flu. The secondary staphylococcus aureus pneumonia is often critical.

Bacterial and viral mixed infectious pneumonia: referring to the above two, it can be manifested as gradual aggravation of symptoms, or it can be manifested as aggravation after a short improvement.

These flu complications should also be noted.

In addition to pneumonia, influenza and these complications should also be careful:

Cardiac complications: myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction and heart failure, accounting for about 12% of adult influenza, but influenza myocarditis and pericarditis are rare.

Complications of central nervous system: Seizures are more common in children and epileptic patients, and influenza-related encephalopathy is more common in children. Influenza causes adult encephalitis, cerebrovascular accident, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and Guillain-Barre syndrome, which is not common in general.

Musculoskeletal complications: severe myositis and rhabdomyolysis (extreme myalgia, weakness and dark urine color) are more common in children. Although myalgia is a prominent feature of influenza, real myositis is not common.

Toxic shock: During the outbreak of influenza A and B in recent years, toxic shock-like syndrome appeared in previously healthy children and adults, mostly related to secondary infection.

Co-infection: including pneumonia (other viruses, bacteria and fungi), bacteremia, meningitis and aspergillosis. For influenza patients who have a fever for more than 3 ~ 5 days, have a fever again after the fever has gone down, or the symptoms continue to worsen after 3 ~ 5 days, they need to be vigilant.

What is the flu?

What’s the difference with the common cold?

Common cold symptoms

The typical common cold is usually characterized by runny nose and obvious nasal congestion. Other common symptoms include dry throat, itching or pain, cough and discomfort. Adult colds rarely have fever or low fever. Cough is more common, often appearing after symptoms of nasal congestion and runny nose; Nasal secretions may be thin or purulent (not necessarily bacterial infection).

flu symptoms

The biggest difference between flu and common cold lies in its severity. Different people have different symptoms after being infected with the flu. Mild symptoms are similar to colds, and severe ones will have the complications mentioned above.

Taking the flu lightly may lead high-risk groups to ignore vaccination or timely use of antiviral drugs, which may lead to serious and irreversible consequences. For example, due to neglect of vaccination, influenza causes serious comprehensive diseases, resulting in the death of children; For the elderly, this problem may be more hidden, but in clinic, we can often see that a seemingly ordinary cold may lead to a sharp decline in the physical condition of the elderly, or even inability to return to the sky.

It is sometimes not very accurate to distinguish flu from cold from symptoms. The quickest and most accurate method is pathogen detection. In clinic, if it is necessary to identify what kind of virus causes a cold, the methods can include virus culture, antigen detection and PCR. However, if there is no way to detect it in time, with the development of the disease, there may still be some differences in symptoms between the two:

Worldwide, influenza causes a large number of hospitalizations and deaths every year, which is a serious public health problem. Even for healthy adults, severe pain may occur after influenza infection, and the resulting temporary labor loss or quality of life decline is even more intense.

What should I do after I get the flu?

A self-judgment

For young people (15-65 years old) who are usually healthy, when they have flu cases in their own communities, schools, offices, etc., and suddenly have symptoms of fever, cough, myalgia or weakness, they can be clinically suspected of flu.

At this time, no flu test is needed to confirm the diagnosis. Home testing of self-purchased antigens is also an option, but due to the influence of sampling technology, the positive accuracy may not reach the expected 50% ~ 70%. When it is necessary to make a definite diagnosis, multiple sampling within 1 ~ 2 days will help to improve the positive accuracy.

With uncomplicated influenza, fever and respiratory symptoms of adults usually last for about 3 days, and then most of them will improve. It may take 10 ~ 14 days to fully recover (the recovery time is longer for the elderly and immunocompromised), and fatigue symptoms of some patients will last for several weeks.

Influenza with complications, or dehydration (thirst, fatigue, low urine yellow), impaired cardiopulmonary function, and mental state change are usually severe and should be hospitalized.

B When the flu is suspected or confirmed, it meets any of the following conditions and needs active antiviral treatment:

High-risk group of complications: antiviral treatment is recommended for influenza in high-risk groups, regardless of the severity of symptoms and whether the course of disease exceeds 2 days.

Contacts of high-risk groups: non-high-risk groups have influenza, but they will come into contact with high-risk groups (such as children and the elderly at home). No matter the severity of symptoms and whether the course of disease exceeds 2 days, antiviral treatment is also recommended.

Persistent or severe influenza: Influenza-like symptoms continue to progress for more than 3 days, or when influenza complications or severe influenza occur. It is recommended to follow the doctor’s advice and choose the corresponding antiviral drugs for timely treatment when the disease is severe or the course of disease exceeds 2 days.

C does not belong to the above three situations. Before taking medicine, weigh the pros and cons: the course of disease is within 48 hours, and you can decide whether to give antiviral treatment according to your own needs in life, work or study, because mild influenza can heal itself, and drugs can shorten the course of disease, but at the same time increase the risk of drug resistance.

If the course of the disease has been more than 48 hours and does not meet the above three requirements, antiviral treatment is not recommended.

Focus

Influenza can be very harmful, which can easily lead to serious complications, especially fatal to high-risk groups. Therefore, we must pay attention to influenza vaccination!

September and October are usually good times to get the flu vaccine every year, but even if you don’t get the vaccine before the end of October, you can get it throughout the flu season. Moreover, because the influenza virus is prone to mutation, the influenza epidemic strain may change every year, so the influenza vaccine should be vaccinated every year!

Ningbo eπ 008 price reduction is coming! The reserve price is 188,600, and the car is sufficient

[Autohome Ningbo Discount Promotion Channel] Recently, a fierce price reduction activity was launched in Ningbo area. At present, the maximum discount amount reaches 28,000 yuan, and the minimum starting price is only 188,600 yuan. If you are interested in this model, you may wish to hurry up and click the "Check Car Price" link in the quotation form to strive for higher discounts.

宁波eπ008降价来袭！底价18.86万，现车充足

eπ008采用了独特的前脸设计，其进气格栅采用了流线型的布局，与车身线条相融合，呈现出时尚动感的视觉效果。整体风格硬朗而精致，尽显现代科技气息。

eπ008车身尺寸为5002*1972*1732mm，轴距达到3025mm，前后轮距均为1650mm。车侧线条流畅，充满力量感，搭配265/45 R21的轮胎规格和动感的轮圈设计，展现出独特的运动风格。

宁波eπ008降价来袭！底价18.86万，现车充足

eπ008的内饰设计充满未来感，采用简洁大气的布局。方向盘为皮质材质，具备手动上下和前后调节功能，提供良好的驾驶体验。中控台配备一块15.6英寸的高清触控屏幕，支持多媒体系统、导航、电话以及空调的语音识别控制。车内共有前排2个USB接口和3个Type-C接口，满足不同乘客的充电需求，同时前排还配备了无线充电功能。座椅采用仿皮材质，主驾驶和副驾驶座椅支持前后、靠背、高低（2向）及腰部支撑（4向）调节，前排座椅还具备加热、通风功能，并为驾驶位配备头枕扬声器。此外，前排座椅具有电动记忆功能，方便驾驶员和乘客快速调整至最舒适的位置。第二排座椅同样支持前后调节、靠背调节和腿托调节，后排座椅可以进行比例放倒，为乘客提供更多灵活的空间使用方式。

宁波eπ008降价来袭！底价18.86万，现车充足

该车系配备了一台1.5T涡轮增压发动机，最大功率为108千瓦（147马力），在转速达到2000-3500转/分时可输出最大扭矩210牛·米。这款高效且紧凑的四缸发动机，搭配电动车单速变速箱，为车辆提供了强劲的动力输出和平顺的驾驶体验。

汽车之家车主在评价eπ008时提到，外观是他个人非常喜欢的感觉，“建议就买白色，大气还不用加钱。”这样的评价让我们看到，eπ008的外观设计确实能够打动许多消费者的心。

Qingdao Blue Electric E5 price reduction news, special offer 99,800! Limited time special offer

Welcome to the Autohome Qingdao preferential promotion channel, bringing consumers the latest and noteworthy preferential information. At present, the popular model we recommend to you – is giving back to consumers’ love with practical actions, and is carrying out a promotion with great intensity. In Qingdao area, car buyers can enjoy a cash discount of up to 40,100 yuan, making this model, which was originally priced between 99,800 and 140,900, now the minimum starting price has been reduced to an attractive 99,800 yuan. This discount range undoubtedly provides an excellent opportunity for friends who are interested in buying Blue Electric E5 to buy a car. To seize this rare discount opportunity, please click "Check Car Price" in the quotation form, let us explore more benefits and create your ideal driving experience together.

青岛蓝电E5降价消息，特价9.98万！限时特惠

The exterior design of the blue electric car series E5 is very modern and technological. Its front face adopts a unique air intake grille layout with smooth lines, which not only enhances the visual impact of the vehicle, but also optimizes the aerodynamic performance. The overall style is exquisite and dynamic, integrating future design concepts, showing the persistent pursuit of detail and aesthetics of the blue electric E5.

青岛蓝电E5降价消息，特价9.98万！限时特惠

The Blue Electric E5 presents a modern feel with its exquisite body design and smooth side lines. The body size is 4760mm x 1865mm x 1710mm, and the wheelbase reaches 2785mm, which makes the interior space layout of the vehicle more reasonable. The front and rear wheel tracks are 1585mm and 1580mm respectively, ensuring the stability and balance of the vehicle. The tire size is 225/55 R18. Whether it is the front or rear wheels, the same specifications are selected, and the elegant wheel rim style is combined to create the unique appearance aesthetic of the Blue Electric E5.

青岛蓝电E5降价消息，特价9.98万！限时特惠

The interior design of the Blue Electric E5 is dominated by simplicity and technology, showing a refined and practical style. The steering wheel is made of leather material, which is delicate to the touch and supports manual up and down adjustment to adapt to the driver’s needs. The center console is equipped with a large 12.3-inch central control screen, which integrates multimedia systems, navigation, telephone, air conditioning and sunroof control, providing drivers with comprehensive information and convenient operation. The seat part is made of imitation leather material, which makes it comfortable to sit and wear-resistant. The main and passenger seats support front and rear adjustment, backrest adjustment and high and low adjustment to meet the individual needs of different drivers and passengers. The rear seats provide backrest adjustment function and support proportional reclining, which makes space utilization flexible. The overall interior design emphasizes both functionality and detail, creating a warm and efficient driving environment.

青岛蓝电E5降价消息，特价9.98万！限时特惠

The car series Blue Electric E5 is equipped with a 1.5L displacement L4 engine, which has a maximum power of 81 kilowatts and a maximum torque of 135 Nm. It is matched with an advanced E-CVT continuously variable transmission, providing excellent performance and fuel efficiency for the vehicle.

Summarizing the evaluation of Autohome owners, the Blue Electric E5 won his admiration for its atmospheric and fashionable appearance and powerful lines, especially the domineering exposed air intake grille, which undoubtedly added a unique charm to this model. This is not only a bright spot in appearance, but also a manifestation of its inherent strength, making people look forward to the driving experience of the Blue Electric E5.

Double zero gravity seat + L2 smart driver, experience Trumpchi E8 Honor Edition

I believe many people know that the new energy car, the 200,000-level plug-in hybrid household MPV, can be oil and electricity, the main one is practical, but for consumers who do not have charging piles at home, it may not be so convenient. This, as a supplement, Trumpchi E8 has launched the Honor version model, which is equipped with GAC GMC260 super hybrid system, using 2.0ATK hybrid special engine, is a 2.0L engine and motor combination of oil and electricity mixing system, compared with the plug-in hybrid version less charging port, no need to charge, just add 92 gasoline, but due to the blessing of the motor, fuel consumption can also be done relatively low, and more friendly to users without charging piles.

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One sentence comment on Trumpchi E8 Honor Edition:

The starting threshold is further lowered, the space is spacious and flexible, the fuel consumption is not high, and it is equipped with a side sliding door. The 7-seat MPV with sufficient configuration and guaranteed comfort is coming.

Advantages:

1, 2 + 2 + 3 layout, flexible space

2. Fuel consumption has advantages over similar fuel MPVs

3. Just refuel, no need to charge, more friendly to users with inconvenient charging

4, equipped with L2 level intelligent driving assistance system and 540 ° high definition panoramic image, etc

5. The second-row zero-gravity seats are well received, and the comfort is guaranteed

Insufficient:

1. Compared with the plug-in version, the average energy consumption and other vehicle costs will be higher

2. You cannot get a green card. In some restricted cities, you need to consider the issue of license indicators

In terms of appearance, the Trumpchi E8 Honor Edition is basically not much different from the PHEV plug-in version, the main difference is reflected in the cancellation of the charging interface design on the side of the body. The front face still adopts the familiar large-size trapezoidal air intake grille, the segmented chrome-plated horizontal bar decoration is highly recognizable, and the two sides are slim-shaped split headlights. The body size of the car is 4920 × 1900 × 1760mm, and the wheelbase is 2930mm, which is the same as the size data of the plug-in hybrid version.

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In terms of interior and configuration, the Trumpchi E8 Honor Edition of this test drive comes standard with 8.88-inch digital LCD instrument + 14.6-inch high definition central touch display, Qualcomm Snapdragon 8155 chip, leather seat, main driver 6-way adjustment power seat, etc., as well as 540 ° high definition panoramic image, L2 level driving assistance, front seat ventilation and heating and other practical functions.

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The second row of double zero-gravity seats includes electric leg rests + electric backrests + electric cushions, while supporting lateral adjustment, allowing for a comfortable near-flat lying space in four-seat mode. The third row of seats is cleverly designed to hide or fold back, and fishing seats like that are retained and equipped with child safety seat interfaces.

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In terms of space, even when fully loaded with 7 people, the loading space is still excellent. Thanks to the sufficient depth of the trunk, the trunk of the 7-seat model E8 can also hold 2 24-inch suitcases + 5 20-inch suitcases or golf bags. When three rows are overturned, the trunk can hold 12 24-inch suitcases. If the second row of seats is slid to the front position, it can be increased to 15 24-inch suitcases. Even when the second row of seats is in the normal position, large and small non-folding bicycles can also be placed. In addition, there are 32 storage spaces + 13 hooks designed to meet various travel storage scenarios for families.

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In terms of power, as mentioned above, the new car is equipped with an i-GTEC 2.0 super hybrid system, which consists of a 2.0L naturally aspirated engine and a motor, of which the maximum power of the engine is 140 horsepower and the maximum torque is 180N · m; the maximum power of the motor is 182 horsepower and the maximum torque is 300N · m. It is matched with a second-speed DHT hybrid special gearbox. The WLTC comprehensive fuel consumption is 5.58L/100km. After actual experience, this power system is relatively smooth to drive, and the comfort is also guaranteed. It is really good for home use.

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The Trumpchi E8 Honor Edition can be said to be a two-child dad car that meets the family’s 7-seat travel needs, is comfortable to ride, and is easy to drive. It will be officially launched on July 16. If the price is right, it has the potential to become a hit. You can look forward to it.

Crown refreshed／four models, analyzing the new generation of Toyota Crown

　　The ninth-generation Crown was launched in October 1991. This generation of models was divided into a four-door hardtop version and a higher-end MAJESTA series. The four-door sedan and four-door station wagon of the same period followed the chassis of the eighth-generation Crown, and the appearance was modeled after the ninth-generation Crown. The ninth-generation Crown was revamped in 1993 and the appearance was redesigned. A total of 284,000 cars of this generation of Crown were produced.

Autohome

　　At the end of 1991, the Crown JZS133 (commonly known as: Crown 133), which was converted from the eighth-generation Crown four-door sedan, began to be sold in China. The domestically imported "Crown 133" adopts the Toyota logo on the front and rear, and there is a prominent Crown logo on the engine cover. The car is equipped with a 3.0-liter inline 6-cylinder engine, which is divided into Super Saloon models matching a 5-speed manual transmission and Royal Saloon models matching a 4-speed automatic transmission. This generation of models has a huge number of domestic sales.

Autohome

　　The tenth-generation crown was launched in August 1995, and the models included a four-door hardtop and a four-door sedan, while the four-door travel version continued to be modified on the basis of the eighth-generation crown. In terms of appearance, the tenth-generation crown continued the previous generation’s rounded styling style, but it looked slightly tougher, and the overall atmosphere was still moderate.

Autohome

　　In 1995, Toyota also launched the Crown Comfort model for the taxi market. The car has a shorter appearance length of only 4695mm, a width of 1695mm, a height of 1525mm, and a wheelbase of 2785mm. It is worth mentioning that the Crown Comfort in Japan has external rearview mirrors located on both sides of the fenders. In terms of power, the Crown Comfort is equipped with a 2.0-liter gasoline engine or a 2.0-liter LPG engine, which is matched with a 4-speed automatic transmission or a 5-speed manual transmission. In order to control costs and facilitate maintenance, the car adopts an integrated bridge non-independent rear suspension, and luxury equipment such as LCD dashboard and leather seats have been cancelled.

Autohome

　　In the late 1990s, the 10th-generation Crown JZS155 (commonly known as: Crown 155) model imported into China continued to be equipped with a 3.0-liter inline 6-cylinder engine. The car was equipped with luxury configurations such as rear air conditioning system, rear seat electric adjustment, and rear multimedia control system. The 10th-generation Crown stopped importing in 2001, and the 11th-generation Crown after that was not available in China. Until 2005, the 12th-generation Crown began to be produced in FAW Toyota.

　　　The eleventh-generation Crown was launched in September 1999. The sedan version included the Royal series and the ATHLETE sports series. The station wagon version only had the ATHLETE sports series, and the four-door hardtop model was discontinued. However, this generation of models was only sold in the Japanese market and did not enter the Chinese market.

Autohome

A Brief History of Crowns (Part 2): The 12th generation of domestic crowns began in 2003

The 12th generation was officially put into production in China in 2005

　　In December 2003, the 12th generation Crown was officially launched. This generation of models mainly provides four-door sedans, which are divided into: Royal series and ATHLETE sports series. At the same time, MAJESTA returned to the Crown series, while the 11th generation Crown station wagon continued to be sold. FAW Toyota’s domestic Crown was officially launched in March 2005, with a total of 7 models launched, with a price range of 32.8-48 million yuan. The domestic crown is based on the 12th-generation Crown Royal series. The main differences include: the domestic model initially provided only a 3.0-liter engine, and the direct injection technology was cancelled. Later, a 2.5-liter power version was added. The chassis of the domestic crown was raised by 10mm, and the four-wheel drive version was not provided. It also cancelled the active steering headlights and night vision system. The original engine cover was made of aluminum alloy, and the domestic version was changed to stainless steel.

Autohome

　　Thanks to the good reputation accumulated by the "old crown" imported into China in the early stage, the crown once surpassed the Audi A6L in the early stage of domestic sales. The domestic crown ranked first in the medium and large car market with sales of 2,992 units in the first month of its listing. Two months later, the crown’s order exceeded 10,000 units. By the end of 2006, the crown’s sales volume exceeded 60,000 units, accounting for more than 30% of the premium car market. In 2007, the crown’s annual sales reached 53,104 units.

Autohome

　　In February 2008, the 13th generation of the Crown model was released in Japan, initially launching the Royal, ATHLETE Sport, and MAJESTA models, followed by a Hybrid model. At that time, Toyota established the main competitor of the Crown in the Audi A6, BMW 5 Series, and Mercedes-Benz E-Class models.

Autohome

　　More than a year after the 13th generation crown was released in the Japanese market, FAW Toyota officially made the 13th generation crown domestically. On December 14, 2009, the domestic crown based on the overseas version of the crown MAJESTA model was officially launched. The crown models listed at that time had a total of 2.5L, 3.0L and 4.3L three displacement 9 models, priced 326,800 yuan – 899,500 yuan. This generation of domestic models has been further upgraded compared with the overseas version of the MAJESTA. The main changes lie in the length and wheelbase. The domestic model is 75mm longer than the previous generation of domestic crown.

Autohome

　　On December 25, 2012, the 14th generation crown was officially launched in Japan. This time, the crown released the Royal series and ATHLETE sports series, and also released a new hybrid version of the model. The MAJESTA version has not been launched yet. The shape design of the 14th generation crown has a relatively large change compared to the 13th generation. It adopts a new big-mouth front face design, a flatter and sharper light group shape, and LED daytime running lights are added to the lamp cavity. In addition, the lines of the C-pillar part are also more aggressive, and the lines at the bottom of the side are more layered.

Autohome

　　This generation of domestic crown was first launched at the 2014 Guangzhou Auto Show. Like the previous generation, it is still based on the MAJESTA version of the overseas crown, and the wheelbase is 75mm higher than that of the overseas new generation of crown ordinary version. This generation of domestic models has 2.0T and 2.5L power options, and went on sale on March 12, 2015. At that time, the price range of the model was 27.98-38 5,800 yuan, which is enough for both the overall positioning and the entry price.

　　In 2018, Toyota released the 15th generation model in the local market. The new car offers three power configurations and will be officially released on June 26. At the same time, the official price of the car in Japan was 460.62-718 7,400 yen, which is about 27-420,000 yuan. This generation of models is based on the GA-N rear drive platform under the TNGA architecture. The engine installation position under the new platform is reduced (the center of gravity is reduced by 15mm), and the sportiness is improved. However, this generation of models eventually failed to enter the Chinese market, and the previous generation (14th generation) was discontinued around 2018.

Autohome

Can Crown Lu Fang really continue the legend of the Crown series in China?

Autohome

　　But the crown’s road in China is over? Of course not, although the 15th generation crown was not in the Chinese market, the crown as a "totem" later appeared in a place that we did not expect. At the Shanghai Auto Show in April 2021, FAW Toyota released the sister model of the GAC Toyota Highlander and named it the Crown Land Rover CROWN KLUGER. The car did not hang the Toyota bull’s head logo, but instead used the crown logo, which was outstanding.

■editorial reviewWhat is it?

　　After 67 years and a total of 16 iterations, a new crown family has appeared in front of us. From now on, Toyota Crown no longer just refers to the name of a car, but more comprehensive sub-products give it more partners and stronger strength. Based on the TNGA-K front-drive platform, it uses the same platform as Highlander and the new Camry in the future, and its comprehensive strength is evident. However, from the comments under the official picture news we released yesterday, everyone has mixed opinions on this appearance. As more content is revealed, will you change your opinion on it? As a global model, the new crown will be introduced to China as an imported car in 2022 and sold by FAW Toyota. However, I believe that with the launch of the new crown, more news will be announced one after another. Let’s wait and see.

　　What else do you want to know about the new generation of crown? Or what do you think the price range and competitors are after it is introduced into China, etc. Welcome to the comment area to leave a message, and we will discuss the improvement together. See more exciting content, all in Autohome. (Text/Autohome Zhu Lishen, Zhong Weiqi, Liu Dong)

The police film ＂The Informer＂ is completed, and the roles of Nicholas Tse and Zhang Jiahui are reversed


Group photo of the main creator of "The Informer"


Nicholas Tse


Zhang Jiahui


Guilun magnesium

　　　　　　　 The annual police and bandit blockbuster "Informant" recently completed the final scene of filming in Tsim Sha Tsui, Hong Kong and held a grand shutdown ceremony. Director Lin Chaoxian, starring Nicholas Tse, Zhang Jiahui, Kwai Lunmei, Lu Yi, Liao Qizhi, Chung Schumann, Wu Haokang and other actors celebrated the smooth shutdown of the film. It is reported that this police and bandit action blockbuster that has surpassed "Witness" may be released in the mainland and Hong Kong at the same time next summer. It is reported that Huayi Brothers is very confident in this schedule. Wang Zhonglei, president of the company, said: "’Informant’ will be an iconic Chinese genre film. The Emperor came to us because of Huayi’s ability to create high-quality blockbusters. We will wait and see how it performs in the mainland market."

Huayi Brothers pointed to 2010, creating an "unconventional police and bandit action movie"

　　　　　　　 The first three films ("Love in the City", "Informant", and "High School Musical") were in the three genres of love, police and gangsters, and youth, and they cooperated with 20th Century Fox, Emperor, and Disney respectively. There is no doubt about the international production ability.

　　　　　　　 "The Informer" was co-created again by the original cast of "Witness". Director Lin Chaoxian led Nicholas Tse, Zhang Jiahui, Gui Lunmei, Lu Yi, Nursery, Zhong Shuman, Liao Qizhi and others to perform a new police and bandit story. Not only did the action scenes escalate significantly, but the plot also took a 180-degree turn. While Nicholas Tse wants to change from a police officer to a bald gangster, Golden Horse actor Zhang Jiahui is the opposite. He has to change from a cold-blooded killer to an upright police officer. The nursery who plays the "vegetable" in "Witness" will still play a husband and wife role with Zhang Jiahui. Lu Yi plays the gangster leader who is alert and sharp, and is the boss of Nicholas Tse. Huayi Brothers said that the storyline of "The Informer" is more exciting and complex than "The Witness", and the scene is also more huge, and it is guaranteed to be an "extraordinary" police and bandit action movie that audiences in mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan cannot stop.

Shooting on the busy streets of Tsim Sha Tsui, many citizens stopped to watch

　　　　　　　 The filming of "The Informer" is located in a street-facing shop on Chatham Road, Tsim Sha Tsui, Hong Kong. The crew specially surrounded a black curtain to protect the actors. Nicholas Tse, Lu Yi and others staged a good show of tracking and anti-tracking inside. It is reported that this scene, which is now in ruins, is the bank "built" by the crew before. When shooting the bank robbery scene in broad daylight, it also attracted many citizens to watch because of its huge momentum. But after some "smashing and looting", blasting and crashing, it is already a piece of rubble. Now there is no need to send out nearly 100 extras to act as passers-by when filming small-scale literary dramas, because roadside pedestrians quickly formed a crowd of onlookers after discovering that Nicholas Tse and others were filming in the house.

　　　　　　　 Lin Chaoxian, the director, says the biggest difference between "The Informer" and "The Witness" is that "The Informer" is heavier, "driving almost every actor crazy." After filming "The Informer," Nicholas Tse, who will be promoted to his father again, will soon go to the mainland to star in "New Shaolin Temple" jointly produced by Huayi Brothers and China Film, while Lu Yi, who will make his debut as a gangster leader, will appear in "Tangshan Earthquake" later.

Actor interview

Nicholas Tse: "My rhythm with Jiahui is like falling in love and dating"

　　　　　　　 From "October Siege" to "Love in the City" to "The Informer", Nicholas Tse’s movies in recent years are all ordinary characters. The word "informant" also refers to Nicholas Tse. As the middleman who sells information, he is a young man and a driver. Other than that, he is no longer exceptional. In the film, he is constantly beaten and often encounters gang fights. "The physical challenge is more difficult. Jumping out of the undead hero is to give everyone another feeling."

　　　　　　　 "The biggest attraction for me was working with the whole cast," Tse said of working with Zhang Jiahui and Kwai Lunmei. "My rhythm with Ka Hui is like falling in love and dating, and Kwai Lunmei is a dedicated actor I rarely see."

Zhang Jiahui: "I really want to shoot Feng Xiaogang’s play"

　　　　　　　 Zhang Jiahui, who has won six best actor titles with his excellent performance in "Witness", will naturally encounter the problem of whether there will be a greater breakthrough when he starred in the "sequel" "Informant". In this regard, Zhang Jiahui said: "I will not start work to win awards. The characters in’Informant ‘, I believe you have not seen in Zhang Jiahui’s films for so many years."

　　　　　　　 Once again playing the nursery of Zhang Jiahui’s wife in the film also left a deep impression on Zhang Jiahui. "Although she doesn’t have many scenes, she has scary behavior every time she appears, which is very scary. During the process of filming, I really want to see the whole film tomorrow." Seeing the director’s full-hearted performance also made him look forward to the completion of the film.

　　　　　　　 Zhang Jiahui revealed that there will also be an old song that "startled" everyone in the film: "I heard that song when I was one or two years old, and all the people in Hong Kong were crazy. Now the lyrics are so moving, bringing out a lot of good and bad life. Sometimes when we shoot a scene without lines on the set, the director will deliberately put it out, and the effect is really…" As for which song it is, Zhang Jiahui said it is a first-class secret. Finally, Zhang Jiahui said that although he has been promoted to the best actor, there are still many areas of performance that have not been touched. What he wants to do most is to cooperate with many big-eyed people with ideas, such as Feng Xiaogang, Cao Baoping and Ning Hao.

Lu Yi: "Gui Lunmei brought Nicholas Tse to make my opposite"

　　　　　　　 Lu Yi, who played the robber for the first time and is the boss, praised the role in "The Informer" this time, saying that he was "handy" in the role. In the film, he is ruthless but witty. "This character is very interesting, and he doesn’t look like a typical underworld boss, but if anyone wants to give more money, he will ask another group of people to kill him and give them the money. In the end, I was betrayed by both brothers and women, and Gui Lunmei brought Nicholas Tse to make me the opposite." Speaking of the relationship between Gui Lunmei and Gui Lunmei in the film, Lu Yi said that "the most violent one is her". It is her who quarrels and breaks up. "This inner drama is the hardest. There is still work to do while abandoning her."

Peng Yuyan’s old photos were exposed 30 years ago, and the big eyes of the lid head turned to netizens

1905 movie network news On March 25, Peng Yuyan posted a photo with his cousin 30 years ago through Weibo, and added, "My cousin turned to the old photo of 30 years ago, when I was very young and cute. When my grandmother was busy, she would help take care of me. In her impression, I was only 6 or 7 years old, not 37 years old. Time really flies, cherish the present, and live in the moment." In the photo, Peng Yuyan is wearing a white T-shirt with a pot cover head, his mouth is slightly pouted, and his eyes are staring at the camera with piercing eyes. She looks very cute. The cousin is wearing a black and white color scheme, black shawl hair, and smiles in the mirror, which is bright and moving.


It is reported that yesterday was Peng Yuyan’s 37th birthday. On his way to the fourth day, Peng Yuyan said that he had "taken another step towards a mature man". The old childhood photos released today made netizens once again lament the immortal appearance of the male god of Eternal God from childhood to adulthood. Many netizens rushed to the comment area immediately to comment, "Brother, you really have grown from a little cutie to a big one", "A good-looking person has always looked good since childhood"


Hu Ge talks about the role of Xiao Yin’s redemption and Wen Shan, the roadshow of the movie ＂It’s Worth It＂


1905 movie network news A few days ago, the movie starring by and starring in the country was hot. On September 10, the movie "It’s Worth a Trip" held a "Human Projection" theme roadshow in Guangzhou. The director, screenwriter, and lead actor Hu Ge attended the event and chatted with industry guests and on-site audiences about the film’s creation in front of and behind the scenes. The film won the Best Director and Best Actor Award in the main competition unit of the Golden Goblet Award at the 25th Shanghai International Film Festival. It tells the story of the down-and-out screenwriter Wen Shan (played by Hu Ge) who started writing eulogies for people under an opportunity. During the communication with various clients, Wen Shan and the client healed each other and finally found their own life direction.

　

Liu Jiayin Teachers’ Day　Hu Ge confessed that Xiao Yin redeemed Wen Shan

September 10th is Teachers’ Day. On this special day, Liu Jiayin also expressed her gratitude to her teacher Cao Baoping, who also served as the producer of "It’s a Worthy Trip". It is also because of Cao Baoping’s promotion that "It’s a Worthy Trip" can be presented to everyone. Liu Jiayin describes the origin of the creation: "The problem between screenwriting and creation is actually difficult to solve, so I haven’t created for a long time, and Teacher Cao often’takes a small whip to beat me ‘. Finally, I wrote the script of" It’s a Worthy Trip "and handed it to him. Teacher Cao also thought it was a good script after reading it. Wen Shan is also a unique character, and then he said, come on, let’s start! Teacher Cao’s dedication has always had a very good influence on me. "In the film, Wen Shanzai is also inspired by the teacher he plays, who guides Wen Shan to enjoy the second act of life. Although it may be long, the third act of life may be around the corner. The spiritual inheritance and emotional transmission between teachers and students will always be a precious treasure in our lives.

　

In the roadshow, referring to the role of Xiao Yin, Hu Ge believes that he is a role in redeeming Wen Shan: "Xiao Yin is the object of Wen Shan’s heart to pour out, and many times he becomes the other side of Wen Shan, a braver and more daring to express Wen Shan." As Gan Yunchen, who plays Lao Lu, said in the roadshow: "At the beginning of the movie, I think it tells the story of a person who writes a eulogy; after a while, I find that it tells the story of a group of deceased people; when I see the end, I find that it tells the story of everyone." In "It’s Worth It", if we calm down, maybe we can all find our own shadow and our own redemption.

　

The theme of warmth heals the soul, and the screen projection illuminates life

At the Guangzhou roadshow, in addition to the main creator sharing his creative opportunities in detail, many special guests from the film and television industry came to watch the movie and expressed their views. They believe that "It’s Worth It" is a film with a warm theme that can heal the hearts of the audience at the moment. The screenwriter and director believe that this film gives us sunshine: "After watching this film, it feels like Lao Lu said in this movie, moving from a semi-basement company to an above-ground place where the sun can be seen." Filmmaker Jin Zhehua said: "Death itself is a quite heavy topic, and I think Director Ga Yin is talking about death in a very gentle and compassionate way." Duan Tingting, a professor at the art school of Jinan University, said the film "captured many beautiful moments in the world that are usually not noticed by everyone."

　

Wang Zhenguo, a film festival curator and film critic, says: "The character of Wen Shan tells us that if you listen to the world, you can see infinite wonders." Liu Yushu, a teacher of digital media art at Guangdong University of Finance, believes the film tells us: "In today’s fickle society, if every ordinary person can do their own thing, we can also walk through the second act of our lives." Filmmaker Qiu Qing believes that the film "turned the eulogy into the last poem of life". Director Chen Zhihai, executive committee member of the Youth and New Arts Group Committee of the Guangdong Film Association, said: "Although it is about life and death, it can bring tears to our eyes."

　

In the movie "It’s Worth It", Wen Shan, as the "person who writes the eulogy", is also "sending everyone the last journey with words". During the process of writing the eulogy, he met all kinds of clients, including Mr. Wang (played), Wan siblings (played by Gu Yaozhi, played by); Shao Jinsui (played by), who asked for the explanation for the deceased netizens; Lao Lu (Gan Yunchen, played by), an entrepreneur who wrote the eulogy for a colleague; and Auntie Fang (played by), who booked the eulogy service for herself. On the way to Wen Shan’s growth, in addition to Xiao Yin (Wu Lei, played), who accompanied him along the way, there were also teachers (Sun Chun, played), friends who worked in the funeral home, Pan Congcong (played), and caregivers with stories (Yang Qingsheng, played). In the encounter with everyone, Wen Shan also gradually accepted his imperfect self and realized that even if internal friction is often present, he must persevere.


The Kechuang 50ETF option was listed on June 5. What does the ＂three questions and three answers＂ mean to investors？ The latest interpretation of head fund managers

　　Science and technology innovation board’s first derivative will be listed soon, which is also the first on-site option variety linked to the Science and Technology Innovation 50 Index in China. Its successful listing will achieve a breakthrough of zero ETF options in the Shanghai and science and technology innovation board markets.

　　The Shanghai Stock Exchange issued a notice on "Matters Related to the Listing and Trading of Kechuang 50ETF Options on Shanghai Stock Exchange" and decided to list and trade Kechuang 50ETF Options on June 5, 2023. It is understood that the Shanghai Stock Exchange will list the corresponding Huaxia Kechuang 50ETF option contract and Yifangda Kechuang 50ETF option contract according to different contract types, expiration months and exercise prices. The expiration months of the first listed option contracts are June, July, September and December 2023. According to the price setting of science and technology innovation board stock, the price parameter of Kechuang 50ETF option is adaptively adjusted to 20%.


　　As the first financial risk management tool listed in science and technology innovation board, Kechuang 50ETF option is highly concerned by investors. What is the significance of the launch of Kechuang 50ETF option, and what does this mean for investors?Director of quantitative investment department of Huaxia Fund and fund manager of Kechuang 50ETF(588000) were awarded.It is said to the financial sector that the launch of Kechuang 50ETF option undoubtedly provides an effective risk management tool for the market, which indicates that China’s stock option market has entered a new era of registration system and entered a "fast track" development stage. The specific positive impact can be observed from the following aspects:


　　First, improving the quality of science and technology innovation board market and the pricing efficiency of science and technology innovation board spot market will help to stabilize the fluctuation of science and technology innovation board spot market.


　　Secondly, it provides effective risk management tools for science and technology innovation board investors, helps them to manage spot risks more effectively, enriches investment strategies, enhances the attractiveness of science and technology innovation board, and thus attracts more long-term capital to flow into science and technology innovation board.


　　Third, provide effective risk hedging tools for market makers in science and technology innovation board, reduce the inventory risk of market makers, give full play to the functions of market makers in science and technology innovation board, and thus improve the liquidity of science and technology innovation board.


　　For investors, winning also suggests that it is also necessary to be cautious to participate in the trading of new options.


　　Take a brief look at the two upcoming listings.Kechuang 50ETF option contract varieties：


　　The target of Huaxia Kechuang 50ETF option contract is "Huaxia SSE science and technology innovation board 50-Component Trading Open Index Securities Investment Fund", the underlying securities are abbreviated as "Kechuang 50", the securities expansion is abbreviated as "Kechuang 50ETF", the securities code is "588000", and the fund manager is Huaxia Fund Management Co., Ltd.


　　The target of E Fund’s Kechuang 50ETF option contract is "E Fund SSE science and technology innovation board 50-Component Trading Open Index Securities Investment Fund", the underlying securities are abbreviated as "science and technology innovation board 50", the securities expansion is abbreviated as "Kechuang 50ETF E Fund", the securities code is "588080", and the fund manager is E Fund Management Co., Ltd.


　　ETF option is a complex derivative product with leverage effect, and science and technology innovation board also has certain investor suitability requirements. Individual investors should be rational when they participate in the trading of 50ETF options, enhance their awareness of risk prevention, establish a correct investment concept, and make independent investment decisions prudently according to their own judgments. The emergence of Kechuang 50ETF option represents a significant improvement of science and technology innovation board’s "Strong Kechuang" characteristics.


　　Since 2019, when the CSRC issued the "Implementation Opinions on Establishing science and technology innovation board and Pilot Registration System in Shanghai Stock Exchange", the introduction of science and technology innovation board and Registration System has become a major reform action to serve scientific and technological innovation enterprises, enhance market inclusiveness and strengthen market functions. The goal of science and technology innovation board is to provide services for scientific and technological innovation enterprises that are in line with the national strategy, break through key core technologies and enterprises with high market recognition. These enterprises mainly focus on the new generation of information technology, high-end equipment, new materials, new energy, energy conservation and environmental protection, biomedicine and other high-tech industries and strategic emerging industries. The existing three options of SSE 50ETF, CSI 300ETF and CSI 500ETF are mainly focused on the main board stocks, and the newly added Kechuang 50ETF option will better cover the science and technology innovation board market.


　　The data shows that since the establishment of science and technology innovation board in 2019, by the end of April 2023, there were 519 listed companies with a total market value of 6.65 trillion yuan, and the scientific and technological innovation attribute of the sector continued to strengthen. Of course, science and technology innovation board’s high risk and high volatility also make investors face huge investment risks. In this context, the launch of Kechuang 50ETF option undoubtedly provides an effective risk management tool for the market.


　　After the launch of Kechuang 50ETF option, the ETF option market will form a comprehensive coverage of risk characteristics such as blue chip, small and medium-sized market value and entrepreneurial innovation, and further improve the domestic on-site option product system. Investors can use ETF option tools to build refined risk management strategies such as index income enhancement and tail risk protection. Kechuang 50ETF option will fit different investors’ income expectations and risk preferences and match diversified wealth management needs. At the same time, investors also need to pay attention to the risk of option investment, which requires certain professional knowledge and risk management ability. Only in this way can investors make full use of Kechuang 50ETF options, achieve investment objectives and promote the sustainable development of science and technology innovation board.


　　According to Rong Rong, Kechuang 50ETF(588000) is the largest and most liquid index product tracking science and technology innovation board on the market at present, with the scale exceeding 65 billion yuan by the end of May. Since listing, the band features are obvious, which is in line with the characteristics of high flexibility and high fluctuation of scientific and technological innovation enterprises. It is more suitable for investors with certain investment experience to operate the band in the secondary market, and can also be used as a medium-and long-term fixed investment variety off-site.


　　Q&A


　　What is the Kechuang 50ETF option?


　　The Science and Technology Innovation 50ETF option of Shanghai Stock Exchange is a financial derivative launched by Shanghai Stock Exchange, which aims to provide options trading services for technological innovation 50ETF.


　　Kechuang 50ETF Index is a portfolio of listed companies in science and technology innovation board market, and the top 50 technological innovation companies listed in science and technology innovation board market in China constitute this portfolio. Kechuang 50ETF option is an option contract, which allows the holder to buy or sell shares of Kechuang 50ETF at a certain price on the option exercise date.


　　The trading unit of Kechuang 50ETF option is 100 shares, and the minimum change unit of option contract is 0.001 yuan. Option contract type: European option. European options can only be exercised on the expiration date, while American options can be exercised before or on the expiration date.


　　What are the top ten constituents of science and technology innovation board 50-component index?


　　SMIC, Jinshan Office, Zhongwei Company, Trina Solar, Lanqi Technology, Cambrian, Central Control Technology, Voice Holdings, China Resources Micro, and Western Superconductor. The proportion of the top ten is relatively average, and the main industries are manufacturing, information transmission, software and information technology services.


　　What are the advantages and disadvantages of Kechuang 50ETF option?


　　1. Don’t worry about selling your stocks too early or too late.


　　To provide insurance for the underlying assets held by investors, when they hold spot stocks, they have already made book profits, but they are not optimistic about the market outlook at first. When they want to avoid the risk of loss caused by falling stock prices, they can buy put options as insurance without worrying about selling their spot stocks too early or too late.


　　The royalties paid by investors are equivalent to the premiums paid. By the same token, when we are uncertain about the market trend, we can buy call (call) options first to avoid the risk of stepping on the air, which is equivalent to protecting the cash in hand.


　　2. Reduce the cost of stock purchase.


　　We can sell put (put) options with lower exercise price and lock in a lower purchase price for the stock (that is, the exercise price is equal to or close to the price of the stock we want to buy). If the stock price is above the exercise price at the expiration date, the option will generally not be exercised, and we can earn the royalties from selling the option. If the stock price is lower than the exercise price on the expiration date and the option is exercised, we can buy the specified stock at the exercise price originally locked, and the actual cost is reduced due to the income from royalties.


　　3. Options can effectively master risk control.


　　The nonlinear characteristics of option risk-return theoretically ensure that the income of buying options is infinite but the risk is relatively limited. Although the winning rate of the buyer who makes options is low, it is also an indisputable fact that each loss is limited to the option fee.


　　4. Options can increase the potential income.


　　When doing fund management, we usually set positions based on losses. If the unit risk is relatively large, our positions will be reduced accordingly, which will reduce our potential income space. If we use options to realize this strategy, because the maximum loss is limited to the option fee, the positions can be opened more fully accordingly, and the potential income will be larger.


　　Advantages of kechuang 50ETF option trading:


　　1. Unique profit and loss structure Compared with investment tools such as stocks and futures, options are different in their nonlinear profit and loss structure.


　　For the long position of futures, the loss of the position will increase by one yuan every time the price rises by one yuan and the price falls by one yuan. For short positions in futures, the opposite is true.


　　2. Shortcomings and risks of option trading: In option trading, the rights and obligations of buyers and sellers are different, which makes buyers and sellers face different risk situations.


　　For option traders, both the buyer and the seller are faced with the risk of adverse changes in royalties. This is the same as futures, that is, within the scope of royalties, if you buy low but sell high, you can make a profit by closing your position. On the contrary, it is a loss.